Compare and Contrast Cost Estimating Techniques

The two kinds of cost evaluating methods that I am going to investigate are parametric strategies applied to explicit undertakings and stage assessing. These two methods are a piece of base up approaches yet apply forms from top-down methodologies. The two of them use procedures that take into account evaluating ventures by separating into areas. In correlation the parametric strategies separates the ventures into explicit assignments and the stage estimation separates the undertakings in a period line.Parametric techniques applied to explicit errands parts an undertaking into bits and add work and materials expected to choose the expense of an activities undertakings. For instance to evaluate the decorating remittance on a house rebuild, the temporary worker calculated an expense of $5 per square yard of a backdrop and $2 per yard of introduce it for an all out expense of $7. By estimating the length and tallness of the considerable number of dividers she had the option to figure th e complete region in square yards and duplicate it by $7. (Larson and Gray, 2011)Phase evaluating is utilized when an abnormal measure of vulnerability encompasses an undertaking and it is unreasonable to assess times and cost for the whole task. Stage evaluating utilizes a two-gauge framework over the life of the undertaking. A point by point gauge is created for the quick stage and a full scale gauge is made for the rest of the periods of the venture. (Larson and Gray, 2011) In my assessment, parametric techniques applied to explicit assignments is a greatly improved methodology. This methodology takes into account the undertaking chief to get ready for the venture by errands to be completed.Time the board, consideration regarding subtleties, and correspondence is significant in the methodology. In spite of the fact that, this methodology is a piece tedious it permits all gatherings engaged with the culmination of the undertaking to be responsible for quantities earlier ventures b eing begun. Despite the fact that the stage assessing approach take into account arranging a task in various time periods, shockingly the client will need a precise gauge of timetable and cost the second the choice is made to execute the undertaking.

The Palestine Liberation Organization Essay Example for Free

The Palestine Liberation Organization Essay Palestine is a memorable district in the Middle East containing Israel and the Israeli involved West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Palestine Liberation Organization, a political element, had been endeavoring to set up a different state for the Palestinian Arabs. In the year 1948, Israel was made in that area. This rise of the Israeli state and resulting wars among it and a few Arab nations, served to dislodge countless Palestinians. In the year 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization or PLO was established, so as to speak to the requests of Palestinians for the making of a different state for them. By then, Arab military powers were independently ineffective in overcoming Israel, in the Six Day War of 1967. Under those conditions, the PLO rose as an elective force, and increased provincial and global significance (Stein, 2007). A profound established scorn has existed between the PLO and Israel, and this went on for quite a while. Nonetheless, somewhere in the range of 1993 and 1998, both the PLO and Israel went into a few understandings, which moved every Palestinian town and urban communities that were heavily influenced by Israel to the Palestinian organization. In addition, the Israelis moved Arab prevailing districts in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to Palestine. As per these understandings, the Palestinian National Authority or PNA was shaped to oversee these moved Palestinian territories. In the year 1994 the PNA assumed total responsibility for the authoritative and arranging jobs of the PLO, regarding these recently moved regions. All things considered, the PLO stayed a defender of Palestinian premiums in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It additionally speaks to Palestinian interests in worldwide understandings and settlements. The PLO and Israel have kept on residual foes, regardless of strategic arrangements between them (Stein, 2007). The basic target of the PLO was the pulverization of Israel. In the year 1969, Yasser Arafat turned into the director of the PLO. In the year 1970, Jordan removed the PLO from its region, and the PLO migrated itself in Lebanon and built up its base of tasks there and began to assault Israel. It assaulted Israel in 1978 and in 1982. In 1982, it pulled back from Beirut and moved to Tunisia. Yasser Arafat’s administration of the PLO was tested a few times previously, during and after the Intifada. Be that as it may, he remained the incomparable pioneer of PLO. In 1988, Arafat surrendered psychological warfare and ended fear monger assaults against Israel. Therefore, the PLO was perceived as the umbrella gathering that spoke to Palestinian interests and the Palestinian state. Arafat turned into the pioneer of the Palestine National Authority in 1996 (Palestine Liberation Organization, 2001). The PLO contains three significant branches; and these are the fifteen part Executive Committee, which incorporates agents from the fedayeen; the Central Committee involving sixty individuals; and the Palestine National Council, which has 500 and ninety †nine individuals. The PLO has a few divisions and offices, which offer military types of assistance, wellbeing administrations, data to the general population, fund, social government assistance, training, and other regulatory administrations. After the formation of the Palestine National Authority in 1994, it has assumed control over the obligations and duties of the Palestinian individuals, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Stein, 2007). The PLO was shaped, so as to battle against Israel and to propel it to pull back from Palestine. Nonetheless, it couldn't join all the Palestinian gatherings around then. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, which was under the administration of George Habash, stayed a free gathering, and Yasser Arafat of al-Fatah turned into the incomparable pioneer of the PLO, which propelled a few fear based oppressor activities against Israel. It executed eleven Israeli competitors at the Munich Olympics in 1972. In the year 1982, Lebanon ousted PLO from its nation. In Tunisia, in 1988, the PLO built up a parliament estranged abroad for the recently pronounced territory of Palestine. In 1988, Arafat propelled harmony and tact activities, as an introduction to exchanges with Israel. The United States upheld the PLO in these endeavors, and in 1993, Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin consented to an arrangement, after mystery dealings. From there on, the PLO surrendered psychological oppression and regarded the privilege of Israel to exist as a different state, resulting to Israel’s withdrawal of its powers from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. In 1995, the Palestinians accomplished freedom and independence. The harmony procedure endured a difficulty, on the grounds that the Hamas kept on assaulting Israel and the last neglected to pull back its soldiers. In 1998, the PLO and Israel had marked a land †for †security settlement. In 2000, US harmony endeavors finished in disappointment, and there was ceaseless savagery on the two sides (Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 2003). The PLO is made out of a few gatherings, and each of these has its own authors and hierarchical system. The pioneers of a portion of these gatherings had tested the initiative of Arafat. A few gatherings had been marked as rejectionist bunches as they would not perceive the September 13, 1993 PLO †Israel accord. They additionally contradicted between time understandings went into by the PLO and Israel. These rejectionist bunches incorporate the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine or PFLP, drove by George Habash, which is a Marxist gathering. Resulting to the 1993 Israel †Palestinian Declaration of Principles understanding, the PFLP pulled back from the PLO. Another association was the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine †General Command or the PFLP-GC that had been established by Ahmad Jibril. It was a Damascus based gathering, with a professional †Syrian group, which pulled back from the PLO. Nayif Hawatmeh had established the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine or DFLP, an accomplice of the PLO alliance. It was a Marxist association that had joined the PLO in the year 1999. Also, the Palestine Liberation Front or PLF, drove by Abu Abbas, proceeded in the PLO alliance (Katzman, 2002). The PFLP, the PFLP-GC, and the PLF were radical gatherings that had enjoyed psychological oppressor acts against Israel, resulting to the 1993 Declaration of Principles. These three fanatic gatherings were named the Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, DFLP, was sorted as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the State Department in its first FTO list distributed in 1997. In any case, at the command of Arafat, and after it had acknowledged the harmony with Israel; it was rejected from the rundown of FTO’s in 1999. Other alliance bunches in the PLO that were not marked as FTOs incorporated the As †Saiqa, the Arab Liberation Front, which was an expert †Iraq group gathering, the Popular Struggle Front, the People’s Party, previously known as the Palestinian Communist Party, and the Democratic Union that was known by its initials FIDA (Katzman, 2002). The course of events of significant occasions throughout the entire existence of the PLO †Israel relationship has been annexed beneath: December 1968: On the 28th of December 1968, Israeli commandoes assaulted the Beirut International Airport. In this activity, in excess of twelve planes were intensely harmed, while some of them were totally wrecked. This activity was propelled in reprisal to the assaults on an Israeli non military personnel trip at the Athens air terminal in Greece. In this assault, two Palestinian nationals were accused of having assaulted a plane in Athens. This assault had brought about the demise of an Israeli traveler (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). November 1969: Yasser Arafat and the Lebanese administrator †in †boss, Emile Bustani, met in Cairo and approved an understanding. Under the details of that understanding Lebanon needed to perceive the Palestinian upset. That understanding permitted Palestinians and the Lebanese to mutually battle against Israel without trading off Lebanon’s government assistance and power. In spite of the fact that the understanding was made for a long time of joint battle, Lebanon escinded it in 1987 (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1970-1971: Jordan removed the PLO following a serious fight in their nation, which had prompted the demise of thousands of individuals. In this manner, the PLO moved its base of activities to Lebanon and mounted assaults against Israel from Lebanon. A fanatic Palestinian fear based oppressor group gathering, Black September, joined the PLO alliance. In September 1970, Jordan started a military crackdown on Palestinians (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1972: The fear based oppressor bunch Black September assaulted Israeli competitors at the Munich Olympics in Germany. In these assaults two Israelis were executed and nine Israeli competitors taken as prisoners. The fear mongers requested the arrival of Palestinian detainees in return for these prisoners. Israel would not acknowledge these conditions and a counter assault was mounted by the West German commandoes, during which four psychological militants and one police officer were killed (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). April 1973: In a secretive activity, the future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, drove a group of Israeli commandoes, in women’s clothing and killed three noticeable PLO pioneers in Beirut (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 975: There was savage common war in Lebanon between the Palestinians and expert †Palestinian Lebanese aggressor gatherings, and Lebanon’s Christian activist gatherings. They battled each other for a long time, until 1990, when the common war finished formally (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1976: Syria sent its peacekeeping powers in Lebanon to help Leban ese specialists to end the war. The

Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post is part of a three part series written by a member of the admissions and financial aid staff, Colin Sullivan. _____________________ What is $20,000 to $70,000? a). The price range of a typical brand-new automobile (depending on how jewel-encrusted your steering wheel is) b). 5,000 to 17,000 rounds bought at happy hour (depending on how frustrating your finals were) c). the range of loan indebtedness a two-year, full-time SIPA student might have when graduating (depending on how much time and effort that student is willing to spend on seeking out scholarships, grants, and other loan alternatives) The answer d)., all of the above. Now, we won’t sell you a car, and we won’t buy you a drink, but we will administer your financial aid. And while Office of Admissions and Financial Aid cannot help you carry the load, we hope to help you lift with your legs and not your back, and avoid any hernias in the process. In his February 10th blog post, Matt touched upon the notion of education loans as “financial aid”. The whole idea of “aid” (which, for the sake of argument, I’ll define as “assistance”) is not typically that of something that must be repaid (well, maybe karmically), but loans are one instrument that assist, or aid, students in achieving the goal of higher education (another being thousands of milligrams of caffeine). They’re also one of the first significant investments that many people will make, and can enable increased employability, a higher salary, contributing to retirement accounts, the purchase of property or stocks with that higher salary, etc. As with any investment, the prospective borrower must carefully weigh the risk versus reward of borrowing such large sums for a SIPA education, especially considering that many graduates will pursue careers in the non-profit and public service sectors (not historically known for their piles of money). Nearly 60% of our student community borrows in order to help fund their studies. Depending on your country of origin, you have different options: US citizens and permanent residents have the right to apply for financing through the Federal Direct Loan Program, while also seeking out private education loans to help cover the full cost of attendance. International students, however, may face more challenges; they do not qualify for financing through the US Department of Education, and must have a US citizen or permanent resident who is willing to cosign on any private student loans. The Office of Admissions and Financial Aid also maintains a comprehensive external fellowships and grants database, that we strongly suggest all of our US and international applicants and students review. It thoroughly details funding opportunities that may minimize your need for borrowing, a practice which can feel a bit overwhelming at times. Now, whether you’re motoring across a scorched stretch of desert on your new car’s first road trip, feeling your way home after a 4am Thursday night, or folding paper airplanes with your financial aid forms, it always helps to have a path winding in front of you. In the Financial Aid office, that path first diverges for domestic and international students. It two follow up entries I will detail the different loan options for US and international students, as your indoctrination into the world of graduate education borrowing. Because, while the cost of funding one’s education at SIPA may initially seem a daunting, the price you pay for not exploring every possible avenue to ensure an amazing SIPA education may end up being much greater.

Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post is part of a three part series written by a member of the admissions and financial aid staff, Colin Sullivan. _____________________ What is $20,000 to $70,000? a). The price range of a typical brand-new automobile (depending on how jewel-encrusted your steering wheel is) b). 5,000 to 17,000 rounds bought at happy hour (depending on how frustrating your finals were) c). the range of loan indebtedness a two-year, full-time SIPA student might have when graduating (depending on how much time and effort that student is willing to spend on seeking out scholarships, grants, and other loan alternatives) The answer d)., all of the above. Now, we won’t sell you a car, and we won’t buy you a drink, but we will administer your financial aid. And while Office of Admissions and Financial Aid cannot help you carry the load, we hope to help you lift with your legs and not your back, and avoid any hernias in the process. In his February 10th blog post, Matt touched upon the notion of education loans as “financial aid”. The whole idea of “aid” (which, for the sake of argument, I’ll define as “assistance”) is not typically that of something that must be repaid (well, maybe karmically), but loans are one instrument that assist, or aid, students in achieving the goal of higher education (another being thousands of milligrams of caffeine). They’re also one of the first significant investments that many people will make, and can enable increased employability, a higher salary, contributing to retirement accounts, the purchase of property or stocks with that higher salary, etc. As with any investment, the prospective borrower must carefully weigh the risk versus reward of borrowing such large sums for a SIPA education, especially considering that many graduates will pursue careers in the non-profit and public service sectors (not historically known for their piles of money). Nearly 60% of our student community borrows in order to help fund their studies. Depending on your country of origin, you have different options: US citizens and permanent residents have the right to apply for financing through the Federal Direct Loan Program, while also seeking out private education loans to help cover the full cost of attendance. International students, however, may face more challenges; they do not qualify for financing through the US Department of Education, and must have a US citizen or permanent resident who is willing to cosign on any private student loans. The Office of Admissions and Financial Aid also maintains a comprehensive external fellowships and grants database, that we strongly suggest all of our US and international applicants and students review. It thoroughly details funding opportunities that may minimize your need for borrowing, a practice which can feel a bit overwhelming at times. Now, whether you’re motoring across a scorched stretch of desert on your new car’s first road trip, feeling your way home after a 4am Thursday night, or folding paper airplanes with your financial aid forms, it always helps to have a path winding in front of you. In the Financial Aid office, that path first diverges for domestic and international students. It two follow up entries I will detail the different loan options for US and international students, as your indoctrination into the world of graduate education borrowing. Because, while the cost of funding one’s education at SIPA may initially seem a daunting, the price you pay for not exploring every possible avenue to ensure an amazing SIPA education may end up being much greater.

Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2240 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Media Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down? The news media has a responsibility to be objective, a responsibility it is often criticised for overlooking. Likewise the mass the media, with its huge audience, has an opportunity to educate this is not to say that commercial television should fill its schedules with GCSE Bitesize revision programmes, but that there is much to learn through great writing, great acting and great comedy, that these are popular art-forms. Most mass media products do not seize this opportunity. Instead, a trend of pandering to the (perceived) base pleasures of certain mass markets is, more often than not, apparent, a trend that can be seen to reinforce stereotypes an idea I will explore in this essay. The real question then is: does the media reach out by dumbing down, or does it pander and condescend to its audience? In answering this question I intend to examine the ascendance of reality television since the late 1990s and question why such programmes came to prominence, and to analyse th e differing approaches of various news products in their selection and presentation of the news and how this can relate to the notion of dumbing down. The often criticised emergence of reality television came about in the late 1990s as a way of cutting down production costs whilst increasing output. With its stylistic roots in the documentary format but based on the concept of reality TV, the docu-soap came to prominence, and notoriety, with the unexpected successes of shows such as Driving School, Airport and Fairground, which followed members of the public as they went about their jobs and their everyday lives. The stars of the shows often went on to enjoy minor, short-lived celebrity status, releasing pop records and guesting on other shows. The unexpected success of the programmes opened the door to mass production, and a spate of copycat shows flooded both terrestrial and subscription channels Sky One was notable for its successful Ibiza Uncovered series, following holiday-makers in the hugely popular club-based Ibiza night-life, which spawned countless Uncovered sequels. This was a dream come true for broadcasters, who had stumbled upon the schedulers Holy Grail a format that was cheap, popular, and quick to produce. The use of real people cut out the roles and the fees of writer and actor, as well as the valuable production time taken up by the writing and rehearsing process. They also cut equipment costs by the use of natural lighting and documentary style single camera format. Therefore high volumes of programmes could be churned out for little money, in little time. The criticism which arose against the docu-soap phenomenon centred upon the flimsy content of the shows, the canonisation of trivial incidents, the lack of narrative, and the lack of any documentary-style insight into the lives of the protagonists. Many of the shows tended to make unwitting fools of its stars. Others would take the most trivial elements of its star s jobs say, a routine check of an aeroplane toilet by a member of flight staff and make it a central narrative of the show. However what was perhaps particularly galling was that all of the terrestrial channels would pounce so fervently upon the fad. Of course any broadcaster has a lower end of entertainment, cheaper shows with lower production values than its flagship products, made quickly and cheaply to bulk out the schedule but the docu-soap managed to find itself straddled across the channels in prime-time slots, as well as bulking out daytime schedules. For the BBC in particular, who have such a proud history of incendiary documentary film-making and social realism this is the channel that screened Cathy Come Home (Ken Loach, 1966) this seemed to reflect far too great a willing to sacrifice standards of content. But in their presentation of real people in their real lives, were the docu-soaps reaching out to the viewing public? It could be argued that the shows reflected their audience, that they made stars out of the viewing public, turned everyday events into prime-time viewing, took genuine events from genuine lives and put on screen, and thus reflected the social realities of its audiences to a greater degree than ever before. However the stars of these shows were not comic characters penned for a cheap sitcom, they were human beings, with pasts, and families, tragedies, hopes, futures but thats not how they were presented. To the viewer, they were clowns and stooges, caricatures. The tools of the programmes may have been founded in reality, but the sum of the parts was as stripped down and simplistic as journalism can get. The plot of an episode of Airport: a member of staff going about his job. The point: mild amusement at his expense. And with the elimination of the creative process, the value of cheap, mild amusement at the expense of an unwitting stooge is hard to quantify. In truth, the shows had little more than stylis tics in common with documentary. And yet their effect is great. Whilst the docu-soap fad may have petered out, their influence can still be seen in the more recent popularity of reality antique and property make-over shows, and through its canonisation of members of the public, can even be seen to have paved the way for shows such as Big Brother and The X Factor, the new royalty of reality television. This is a reality of the digital revolution. Products such as Freeview, Sky and ITV digital compete partly on the promise of more channels with greater choice than their rivals. More channels means more shows must be put in production, and unless the company wishes to go bankrupt, that means lower production values, less experienced talent both on and off screen, and more copycat shows antique shows, reality shows, re-runs, and repeat showings. This leads to less experienced people making cheaper shows, and spreading them over a wider array of channels. So we can see tha t the dumbing down of commercial television in the wake of the digital revolution is rooted not in the value system of the entertainment industry but in the economic reality of it. Writing talent, acting talent, directing talent, production values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all these elements cost both money and time, and when cheaply and quickly produced products are just as popular, the talent becomes expendable. So what about the broadcast news, has it also undergone a process of dumbing down? Firstly, it is important to remember the role of humanity in news reportage. For example, what constitutes a news event? Is a motorway pile-up the event of the crash or the aftermath of it? Is the event of a political speech the content of the speech or the reaction to it? Journalism relies on journalists, who rely on their own skills of interpretation, and it is generally accepted that every potential news story is judged on a certain set of news values. One of the most recognised interpre tations of these values was made by Johan Galtung and Marie Holmboe Ruge in 1965. They identified eleven distinct values: This process is merely a reality of news reportage: not every event that happens in the world can be covered, and so events must be judged on their importance. However problems can arise when this intangible importance becomes linked not to theoretical values, but to the perceived values of a generalised target audience. In a News night investigation into the process of selecting stories for news coverage (screened in October 1999, BBC 2), a journalist from the News Of The World told the film crew that a story about white youths dying from drugs sold to them by a black man was more likely to be reported by their newspaper than a story about black youths dying from drugs sold to them by a white man. This is based on the assumption by the newspaper that their audience is not interested in the problems of drug culture affecting the black community, where as the representation of non-whites selling drugs to white youths reinforces racial stereotypes, and as such are more appealing, less challenging, and provide a greater sales guarantee. This is not just dumbing down, it is systemised media bias; it is a news service that bases its reportage on reinforcing stereotypical values of a massively generalised target audience in order to maintain circulation, and hence, profit. Even if the News Of The World have judged their audience correctly, it speaks of a worrying cycle of ignorance if their audience members characterise non-whites as detrimental to whites, and their news reinforces this, how can they be expected to change their views? So we can see that journalistic practice runs into serious problems when it considers its target audience in its methods of reportage. This is a particular problem for commercial television stations, who garner almost all their profits from advertising sales sales which rely on the selling of a target market, one which is shared by the channel and its potential advertisers. What then happens if a certain news story does not appeal to a news products target market is it tailored to be more attractive? Is it left out altogether? If the news product does not suit its target market, ratings drop, and advertisers pull out. ITV is a channel which survives on accessibility, so if its news is not accessible, does not reflect the tone and style of the rest of its programming, it risks losing viewers. Let us examine the coverage of the first annual May Day protests in London. In May 2000 Trafalgar Square was occupied by members of the anti-globalisation protest group Reclaim the Streets, in protest against the practices of multinational corporations and the climate of brand power. As the demonstrations went on, a small minority of vandals along for the ride embarked on a low-scale wave of petty violence, which was denounced by RTS as contrary to their values. RTS are a young political group, tapping into the youth culture trends of anti-capitalism and the deification of counterculture. Looking at the scenes of the protestors, they were young men and women, almost to a head in the 18-25 age group. The only terrestrial news channel to give any air-time to a member of Reclaim The Streets, or to even mention their name, was Channel 4 the channel whose programming is aimed at the youth market to a greater degree than the others in fact a channel who is contradictorily required to be alternative. The BBC news focused on the graffiti tagging of the Cenotaph, and ITV news focused on the small-scale vandalism and violence incited by a small minority of protestors who had crashed the party. Both news products characterised the protestors as anarchists and rioters (true of just a tiny minority). In this case, it is not hard to see how each news products target audience affected the reporting of the event. On the other hand, Select, an alternative mu sic magazine, ran a 12 page special on the inspiration behind the protests, the base of the issues at the heart of Reclaim the Streets, and interviewed popular protagonists of the anti-capitalist sub-culture comedian Mark Thomas and theorist Naomi Klein. This does not necessarily suggest a greater moral credibility on the part of Select, but simply that they were in a position to make such a report. The style and tone fitted in perfectly with their target market, and the piece also ran interviews with various alternative musicians, such as Zack De La Rocha of politically outspoken anti-capitalist funk-rock group Rage Against The Machine. So whilst all of the terrestrial television news programmes can be seen to be dumbing down the event, it would be more accurate to say that they were catering their product to the perceived expectations of their target market, and Select did exactly the same. It is hard to see the BBC devoting 10 minutes of a 30 minutes broadcast to a hist ory of anti-capitalist theory and demonstration, but on the other hand this is a channel that recently gave prime-time half-hour debates to the leaders of the three major political parties in the run-up to the general election. Select gave comprehensive coverage to the history of RTS and the theory behind the demonstration, but they may not have given so many column inches to, for instance, a pro-hunting group. Their coverage may have been more in depth and comprehensive on the May Day protests, but in the same way as the BBC and Channel 4, they covered what would sell. So then we can see that dumbing down, within news reporting at least, perhaps has less to do with appealing to the lowest common denominator and more to do with appealing to a target audience. This can be seen to be a rather exclusive approach appealing to a particular, and generalised, target audience excludes audience members who do not ascribe to the values of the target audience, and in this way we can see how popular news reinforces social stereotypes. It is, for instance, a rather galling assumption that a viewer of the BBC news is less interested in the motivations behind a political demonstration from a peaceful political group (who denounced the small-scale vandalism of a small minority as being contrary to their protest at least they did when given air-time), than a stereotyped representation of anarchic youths run amok. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down" essay for you Create order

Challenge For The International Free Trade Era - 1415 Words

Challenge for the International Free Trade Era: US and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Paul Jonghyun Lee The College of William and Mary Challenge for the International Free Trade Era: US and the Trans-Pacific Partnership The dynamic nature of American political economy is evident in the fundamental changes in its trading policies. We live in an era of global free trade, where the food we eat are imported from Latin America and the furniture we store our Made-In-China shirts are from Asia. We share information over the Internet, exchange goods with people on the other side of the world, and benefit from free trade on a daily basis. As much benefits as free trade has brought to Americans, however, there are downsides to this globalization. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) provides excellent example of these drawbacks. In 2008, the United States joined Australia, Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam in the massive initiative named the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Now, with 4 more countries, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, and Mexico, the US is working to establish one of the biggest multilateral free-trade commitment in its history. Since the beginning of his presidency, President Obama has pushed for the Congress’ approval of the TPP, claiming that the pact’s goals are to reduce tariffs, protect consumer rights, and benefit domestic workers. (USTR, 2011) However, underneath the disguise of the drive for a â€Å"comprehensive, next-generation regionalShow MoreRelatedBusiness Is An Activity It Requires Management1056 Words   |  5 Pageswhich are; planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Management is involved at all levels of a business and is central to business more importantly in this globalised era. The functions of management outlined above are cardinal to any business. This paper will discuss the importance of management in a globalised business era. 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Post the World War II, the developed nationsRead MoreThe Effects of Cultural Intelligence on Leadership Effectiveness in Multinational Organizations1354 Words   |  5 Pagesinteract and work with colleagues from across the world to complete a given job throws a lot of challenges on both the employees as well as the organizations. The challenges include factors such as language skills, leadership effective ness, cultural intelligence, emotional intelligence, global mobility of human resource, employees’ productivity, working in different global time zone, communication challenge, work atmosphere, decision making etc. The more the organizations find opportunities to expandRead MoreChallenges Faced By The Third Phase Of Globalization Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 2: What are the main challenges faced by managers in what has been called the â€Å"third Phase of globalization†? Introduction: The question asked for the challenges faced by managers in the â€Å"third phase of globalization.† The key words for this question is the â€Å"third phase of globalization.† Therefore, when we begin to find the challenges that managers would be faced. We need to understand the meaning of globalization, and what the third phase is. According to the book â€Å"culture in the ageRead MoreChin The European Union And The People s Republic Of China871 Words   |  4 Pagessides call a â€Å"strategic partnership†. However, during all these four decades, this profound relationship has experienced many difficulties and challenges, until the last two decades, which have marked a new era of political and economic strengthening of their ties. Especially since China s accession in the WTO and the institutionalisation of its economic and trade cooperation with the EU, the two parts have witnessed a flourishing of their relations. The EU has taken into account the great r ise of China

John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1365 Words

John Steinbeck was an author who never wrote without a purpose, though the purpose was not always the same, there was always one. In the novella, Of Mice and Men he wrote with a meaning that was close to his heart. Steinbeck wrote this novella in the middle of the Great Depression for the purpose of showing how this was affecting the citizens of the United States. He wrote Of Mice and Men in order to show how the Great Depression was the final straw in the destruction of the American Dream. In Of Mice and Men, we are introduced to the lives of George and Lennie. George and Lennie lived vicariously through the idea of reaching the American Dream. The American Dream is first described by J.T. Adams, â€Å"But there has been also the American dream, that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement.† The men try to reach this dream with a plan to work together until they hav e enough money to settle down, buy a farm, and live happily, but there is an issue with this dream. In reality, the American Dream seen as a universal goal, and not tapered to each individual’s circumstances, this it is unattainable unless you are a young, able, white male, and if you are missing any of the four characteristics, you have no chance of attaining it. Steinbeck exemplifies this handicap to attaining the American Dream in his novel by his use of characterization. Through the character of CandyShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1248 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men, He uses imagery many times to create a realistic setting and plot. Steinbeck’s depiction of migrant workers and their daily complications during the depression are objectively precise due to his use of imagery with idioms, dreams, nature, loneliness and animal imagery. The main theme of the book transpires to be loneliness and fate. While George and Lennie, the main characters have a synergetic relationship, fate steps in and does away with their dreams, whichRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men897 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we possess. Many people feel certain emotions based on events that have taken place in their lifetime or how they were raised throughout their childhood. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, he portrays the feelings of isolation and loneliness in three different characters. George’s isolation is illustrated in Steinbeck’s, Of Mice and Men. George expresses many hard feelings towards Lennie at the opening of this story. â€Å"‘...you’re a lot of trouble,’ said George. ‘I could get along so easy and soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1243 Words   |  5 Pagesis what John Steinbeck achieves by portraying this through the characters in his novella Of Mice and Men. The main characters are affected by loneliness in their own different way throughout the novella. rf The loneliness is maintained by the challenges that the characters have to face, and they sustain those challenges of being inhumane towards each other. Crook, a figure in the story who experiences discrimination encounters the challenge of race, due to the book’s setting in the 1930’s duringRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1080 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I want you to stay with me Lennie. Jesus Christ, somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself.† The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows the relationship between two migrant workers in the 1930s, George and Lennie, along with the other members on the new ranch that they began working on. Georgie and Lennie dreamed of following the American Dream and owning their own patch of land and the novel revolves around the dream and the obstacles that stand in their way. Lennie, a strongRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men2167 Words   |  9 Pagesjobs. In John Steinbeck’ s Of Mice and Men, George Milton and Lennie Small wander through California in search of a new job that would help them make enough money to live their American dream on â€Å"the fatta the lan’†(Steinbeck 14). George and Lennie’s hard work and determination is not enough for them to live their dream. Lennie has a mental disability that slows the two friends down from living their dream; they have to run from job to job because of Lennie’s unintentional actions. Steinbeck incorporatesRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe realistic fiction novella Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck explains the journey of two migrant farm workers. Lennie and George are forced to overcome the Dust Bowl and The Great Depression around 1938. This makes jobs even harder to come by because everyone wanted one. Lennie and George were kicked out of Weed and they now work at a ranch in Soledad. At the new farm the friendship between Lennie and George becomes harder to maintain. The people on the farm are all different shapes, sizes, andRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1448 Words   |  6 Pages In the novella, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck discusses the idea of loneliness and how people who work at the ranch have no family and no future in lives. He indicates that all people at the ranch are lonely, but he specifically uses a few characters to highlight their state of being lonely and more miserable than the others. He emp hasizes the loneliness of ranch life during the Great Depression, and shows how people are willing to try and find friendship in order to escape from the state ofRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling, thinking and acting in everyday life. In the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, a duo of farmers, George and Lennie, search for work wherever they can. Their dream of having a farm of their own is coming into reach, while George has to wield Lennie away from the temptation of Curley’s wife and the reality of what Lennie can do. John Steinbeck uses characterization to illustrate the nature of human existence. Steinbeck portrays George as a man who tries to help, and helps others soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1205 Words   |  5 Pagesand the time period of John Steinbeck s novella, Of Mice and Men, exemplifies the idea that people from minorities are held back from achieving their version of the ‘American Dream’. This goes to prove not everyone will overcome the overbearing tidal waves of their hardships, which makes the American Dream nothing more than a dream to them. Crooks, the black stable hand, faces discrimination due to his skin color as this unfortunately was common in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck uses Crooks’ situationRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men968 Words   |  4 PagesSolidifying the theme of John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, the protagonist George expresses his significant loneliness despite a strong kinship with his friend Lennie, â€Å"’I ain’t got no people†¦ I seen the guys that go around the ranches alone. That ain’t no good’† (41). Published in 1937, amidst the horrific turmoil of the Great Depression, Steinbeck’s novella struck a sensitive chord with readers. Set in the heart of California’s Central Valley, this story follows two men, George and Lennie, as they