Compare and Contrast Cost Estimating Techniques

The two kinds of cost evaluating methods that I am going to investigate are parametric strategies applied to explicit undertakings and stage assessing. These two methods are a piece of base up approaches yet apply forms from top-down methodologies. The two of them use procedures that take into account evaluating ventures by separating into areas. In correlation the parametric strategies separates the ventures into explicit assignments and the stage estimation separates the undertakings in a period line.Parametric techniques applied to explicit errands parts an undertaking into bits and add work and materials expected to choose the expense of an activities undertakings. For instance to evaluate the decorating remittance on a house rebuild, the temporary worker calculated an expense of $5 per square yard of a backdrop and $2 per yard of introduce it for an all out expense of $7. By estimating the length and tallness of the considerable number of dividers she had the option to figure th e complete region in square yards and duplicate it by $7. (Larson and Gray, 2011)Phase evaluating is utilized when an abnormal measure of vulnerability encompasses an undertaking and it is unreasonable to assess times and cost for the whole task. Stage evaluating utilizes a two-gauge framework over the life of the undertaking. A point by point gauge is created for the quick stage and a full scale gauge is made for the rest of the periods of the venture. (Larson and Gray, 2011) In my assessment, parametric techniques applied to explicit assignments is a greatly improved methodology. This methodology takes into account the undertaking chief to get ready for the venture by errands to be completed.Time the board, consideration regarding subtleties, and correspondence is significant in the methodology. In spite of the fact that, this methodology is a piece tedious it permits all gatherings engaged with the culmination of the undertaking to be responsible for quantities earlier ventures b eing begun. Despite the fact that the stage assessing approach take into account arranging a task in various time periods, shockingly the client will need a precise gauge of timetable and cost the second the choice is made to execute the undertaking.

The Palestine Liberation Organization Essay Example for Free

The Palestine Liberation Organization Essay Palestine is a memorable district in the Middle East containing Israel and the Israeli involved West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Palestine Liberation Organization, a political element, had been endeavoring to set up a different state for the Palestinian Arabs. In the year 1948, Israel was made in that area. This rise of the Israeli state and resulting wars among it and a few Arab nations, served to dislodge countless Palestinians. In the year 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization or PLO was established, so as to speak to the requests of Palestinians for the making of a different state for them. By then, Arab military powers were independently ineffective in overcoming Israel, in the Six Day War of 1967. Under those conditions, the PLO rose as an elective force, and increased provincial and global significance (Stein, 2007). A profound established scorn has existed between the PLO and Israel, and this went on for quite a while. Nonetheless, somewhere in the range of 1993 and 1998, both the PLO and Israel went into a few understandings, which moved every Palestinian town and urban communities that were heavily influenced by Israel to the Palestinian organization. In addition, the Israelis moved Arab prevailing districts in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to Palestine. As per these understandings, the Palestinian National Authority or PNA was shaped to oversee these moved Palestinian territories. In the year 1994 the PNA assumed total responsibility for the authoritative and arranging jobs of the PLO, regarding these recently moved regions. All things considered, the PLO stayed a defender of Palestinian premiums in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. It additionally speaks to Palestinian interests in worldwide understandings and settlements. The PLO and Israel have kept on residual foes, regardless of strategic arrangements between them (Stein, 2007). The basic target of the PLO was the pulverization of Israel. In the year 1969, Yasser Arafat turned into the director of the PLO. In the year 1970, Jordan removed the PLO from its region, and the PLO migrated itself in Lebanon and built up its base of tasks there and began to assault Israel. It assaulted Israel in 1978 and in 1982. In 1982, it pulled back from Beirut and moved to Tunisia. Yasser Arafat’s administration of the PLO was tested a few times previously, during and after the Intifada. Be that as it may, he remained the incomparable pioneer of PLO. In 1988, Arafat surrendered psychological warfare and ended fear monger assaults against Israel. Therefore, the PLO was perceived as the umbrella gathering that spoke to Palestinian interests and the Palestinian state. Arafat turned into the pioneer of the Palestine National Authority in 1996 (Palestine Liberation Organization, 2001). The PLO contains three significant branches; and these are the fifteen part Executive Committee, which incorporates agents from the fedayeen; the Central Committee involving sixty individuals; and the Palestine National Council, which has 500 and ninety †nine individuals. The PLO has a few divisions and offices, which offer military types of assistance, wellbeing administrations, data to the general population, fund, social government assistance, training, and other regulatory administrations. After the formation of the Palestine National Authority in 1994, it has assumed control over the obligations and duties of the Palestinian individuals, in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Stein, 2007). The PLO was shaped, so as to battle against Israel and to propel it to pull back from Palestine. Nonetheless, it couldn't join all the Palestinian gatherings around then. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, which was under the administration of George Habash, stayed a free gathering, and Yasser Arafat of al-Fatah turned into the incomparable pioneer of the PLO, which propelled a few fear based oppressor activities against Israel. It executed eleven Israeli competitors at the Munich Olympics in 1972. In the year 1982, Lebanon ousted PLO from its nation. In Tunisia, in 1988, the PLO built up a parliament estranged abroad for the recently pronounced territory of Palestine. In 1988, Arafat propelled harmony and tact activities, as an introduction to exchanges with Israel. The United States upheld the PLO in these endeavors, and in 1993, Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin consented to an arrangement, after mystery dealings. From there on, the PLO surrendered psychological oppression and regarded the privilege of Israel to exist as a different state, resulting to Israel’s withdrawal of its powers from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. In 1995, the Palestinians accomplished freedom and independence. The harmony procedure endured a difficulty, on the grounds that the Hamas kept on assaulting Israel and the last neglected to pull back its soldiers. In 1998, the PLO and Israel had marked a land †for †security settlement. In 2000, US harmony endeavors finished in disappointment, and there was ceaseless savagery on the two sides (Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 2003). The PLO is made out of a few gatherings, and each of these has its own authors and hierarchical system. The pioneers of a portion of these gatherings had tested the initiative of Arafat. A few gatherings had been marked as rejectionist bunches as they would not perceive the September 13, 1993 PLO †Israel accord. They additionally contradicted between time understandings went into by the PLO and Israel. These rejectionist bunches incorporate the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine or PFLP, drove by George Habash, which is a Marxist gathering. Resulting to the 1993 Israel †Palestinian Declaration of Principles understanding, the PFLP pulled back from the PLO. Another association was the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine †General Command or the PFLP-GC that had been established by Ahmad Jibril. It was a Damascus based gathering, with a professional †Syrian group, which pulled back from the PLO. Nayif Hawatmeh had established the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine or DFLP, an accomplice of the PLO alliance. It was a Marxist association that had joined the PLO in the year 1999. Also, the Palestine Liberation Front or PLF, drove by Abu Abbas, proceeded in the PLO alliance (Katzman, 2002). The PFLP, the PFLP-GC, and the PLF were radical gatherings that had enjoyed psychological oppressor acts against Israel, resulting to the 1993 Declaration of Principles. These three fanatic gatherings were named the Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, DFLP, was sorted as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the State Department in its first FTO list distributed in 1997. In any case, at the command of Arafat, and after it had acknowledged the harmony with Israel; it was rejected from the rundown of FTO’s in 1999. Other alliance bunches in the PLO that were not marked as FTOs incorporated the As †Saiqa, the Arab Liberation Front, which was an expert †Iraq group gathering, the Popular Struggle Front, the People’s Party, previously known as the Palestinian Communist Party, and the Democratic Union that was known by its initials FIDA (Katzman, 2002). The course of events of significant occasions throughout the entire existence of the PLO †Israel relationship has been annexed beneath: December 1968: On the 28th of December 1968, Israeli commandoes assaulted the Beirut International Airport. In this activity, in excess of twelve planes were intensely harmed, while some of them were totally wrecked. This activity was propelled in reprisal to the assaults on an Israeli non military personnel trip at the Athens air terminal in Greece. In this assault, two Palestinian nationals were accused of having assaulted a plane in Athens. This assault had brought about the demise of an Israeli traveler (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). November 1969: Yasser Arafat and the Lebanese administrator †in †boss, Emile Bustani, met in Cairo and approved an understanding. Under the details of that understanding Lebanon needed to perceive the Palestinian upset. That understanding permitted Palestinians and the Lebanese to mutually battle against Israel without trading off Lebanon’s government assistance and power. In spite of the fact that the understanding was made for a long time of joint battle, Lebanon escinded it in 1987 (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1970-1971: Jordan removed the PLO following a serious fight in their nation, which had prompted the demise of thousands of individuals. In this manner, the PLO moved its base of activities to Lebanon and mounted assaults against Israel from Lebanon. A fanatic Palestinian fear based oppressor group gathering, Black September, joined the PLO alliance. In September 1970, Jordan started a military crackdown on Palestinians (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1972: The fear based oppressor bunch Black September assaulted Israeli competitors at the Munich Olympics in Germany. In these assaults two Israelis were executed and nine Israeli competitors taken as prisoners. The fear mongers requested the arrival of Palestinian detainees in return for these prisoners. Israel would not acknowledge these conditions and a counter assault was mounted by the West German commandoes, during which four psychological militants and one police officer were killed (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). April 1973: In a secretive activity, the future Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, drove a group of Israeli commandoes, in women’s clothing and killed three noticeable PLO pioneers in Beirut (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 975: There was savage common war in Lebanon between the Palestinians and expert †Palestinian Lebanese aggressor gatherings, and Lebanon’s Christian activist gatherings. They battled each other for a long time, until 1990, when the common war finished formally (Timeline: Decades of contention in Lebanon, Israel, 2006). 1976: Syria sent its peacekeeping powers in Lebanon to help Leban ese specialists to end the war. The

Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post is part of a three part series written by a member of the admissions and financial aid staff, Colin Sullivan. _____________________ What is $20,000 to $70,000? a). The price range of a typical brand-new automobile (depending on how jewel-encrusted your steering wheel is) b). 5,000 to 17,000 rounds bought at happy hour (depending on how frustrating your finals were) c). the range of loan indebtedness a two-year, full-time SIPA student might have when graduating (depending on how much time and effort that student is willing to spend on seeking out scholarships, grants, and other loan alternatives) The answer d)., all of the above. Now, we won’t sell you a car, and we won’t buy you a drink, but we will administer your financial aid. And while Office of Admissions and Financial Aid cannot help you carry the load, we hope to help you lift with your legs and not your back, and avoid any hernias in the process. In his February 10th blog post, Matt touched upon the notion of education loans as “financial aid”. The whole idea of “aid” (which, for the sake of argument, I’ll define as “assistance”) is not typically that of something that must be repaid (well, maybe karmically), but loans are one instrument that assist, or aid, students in achieving the goal of higher education (another being thousands of milligrams of caffeine). They’re also one of the first significant investments that many people will make, and can enable increased employability, a higher salary, contributing to retirement accounts, the purchase of property or stocks with that higher salary, etc. As with any investment, the prospective borrower must carefully weigh the risk versus reward of borrowing such large sums for a SIPA education, especially considering that many graduates will pursue careers in the non-profit and public service sectors (not historically known for their piles of money). Nearly 60% of our student community borrows in order to help fund their studies. Depending on your country of origin, you have different options: US citizens and permanent residents have the right to apply for financing through the Federal Direct Loan Program, while also seeking out private education loans to help cover the full cost of attendance. International students, however, may face more challenges; they do not qualify for financing through the US Department of Education, and must have a US citizen or permanent resident who is willing to cosign on any private student loans. The Office of Admissions and Financial Aid also maintains a comprehensive external fellowships and grants database, that we strongly suggest all of our US and international applicants and students review. It thoroughly details funding opportunities that may minimize your need for borrowing, a practice which can feel a bit overwhelming at times. Now, whether you’re motoring across a scorched stretch of desert on your new car’s first road trip, feeling your way home after a 4am Thursday night, or folding paper airplanes with your financial aid forms, it always helps to have a path winding in front of you. In the Financial Aid office, that path first diverges for domestic and international students. It two follow up entries I will detail the different loan options for US and international students, as your indoctrination into the world of graduate education borrowing. Because, while the cost of funding one’s education at SIPA may initially seem a daunting, the price you pay for not exploring every possible avenue to ensure an amazing SIPA education may end up being much greater.

Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Borrowing Part 1 An Introduction COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following post is part of a three part series written by a member of the admissions and financial aid staff, Colin Sullivan. _____________________ What is $20,000 to $70,000? a). The price range of a typical brand-new automobile (depending on how jewel-encrusted your steering wheel is) b). 5,000 to 17,000 rounds bought at happy hour (depending on how frustrating your finals were) c). the range of loan indebtedness a two-year, full-time SIPA student might have when graduating (depending on how much time and effort that student is willing to spend on seeking out scholarships, grants, and other loan alternatives) The answer d)., all of the above. Now, we won’t sell you a car, and we won’t buy you a drink, but we will administer your financial aid. And while Office of Admissions and Financial Aid cannot help you carry the load, we hope to help you lift with your legs and not your back, and avoid any hernias in the process. In his February 10th blog post, Matt touched upon the notion of education loans as “financial aid”. The whole idea of “aid” (which, for the sake of argument, I’ll define as “assistance”) is not typically that of something that must be repaid (well, maybe karmically), but loans are one instrument that assist, or aid, students in achieving the goal of higher education (another being thousands of milligrams of caffeine). They’re also one of the first significant investments that many people will make, and can enable increased employability, a higher salary, contributing to retirement accounts, the purchase of property or stocks with that higher salary, etc. As with any investment, the prospective borrower must carefully weigh the risk versus reward of borrowing such large sums for a SIPA education, especially considering that many graduates will pursue careers in the non-profit and public service sectors (not historically known for their piles of money). Nearly 60% of our student community borrows in order to help fund their studies. Depending on your country of origin, you have different options: US citizens and permanent residents have the right to apply for financing through the Federal Direct Loan Program, while also seeking out private education loans to help cover the full cost of attendance. International students, however, may face more challenges; they do not qualify for financing through the US Department of Education, and must have a US citizen or permanent resident who is willing to cosign on any private student loans. The Office of Admissions and Financial Aid also maintains a comprehensive external fellowships and grants database, that we strongly suggest all of our US and international applicants and students review. It thoroughly details funding opportunities that may minimize your need for borrowing, a practice which can feel a bit overwhelming at times. Now, whether you’re motoring across a scorched stretch of desert on your new car’s first road trip, feeling your way home after a 4am Thursday night, or folding paper airplanes with your financial aid forms, it always helps to have a path winding in front of you. In the Financial Aid office, that path first diverges for domestic and international students. It two follow up entries I will detail the different loan options for US and international students, as your indoctrination into the world of graduate education borrowing. Because, while the cost of funding one’s education at SIPA may initially seem a daunting, the price you pay for not exploring every possible avenue to ensure an amazing SIPA education may end up being much greater.

Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2240 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Media Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down? The news media has a responsibility to be objective, a responsibility it is often criticised for overlooking. Likewise the mass the media, with its huge audience, has an opportunity to educate this is not to say that commercial television should fill its schedules with GCSE Bitesize revision programmes, but that there is much to learn through great writing, great acting and great comedy, that these are popular art-forms. Most mass media products do not seize this opportunity. Instead, a trend of pandering to the (perceived) base pleasures of certain mass markets is, more often than not, apparent, a trend that can be seen to reinforce stereotypes an idea I will explore in this essay. The real question then is: does the media reach out by dumbing down, or does it pander and condescend to its audience? In answering this question I intend to examine the ascendance of reality television since the late 1990s and question why such programmes came to prominence, and to analyse th e differing approaches of various news products in their selection and presentation of the news and how this can relate to the notion of dumbing down. The often criticised emergence of reality television came about in the late 1990s as a way of cutting down production costs whilst increasing output. With its stylistic roots in the documentary format but based on the concept of reality TV, the docu-soap came to prominence, and notoriety, with the unexpected successes of shows such as Driving School, Airport and Fairground, which followed members of the public as they went about their jobs and their everyday lives. The stars of the shows often went on to enjoy minor, short-lived celebrity status, releasing pop records and guesting on other shows. The unexpected success of the programmes opened the door to mass production, and a spate of copycat shows flooded both terrestrial and subscription channels Sky One was notable for its successful Ibiza Uncovered series, following holiday-makers in the hugely popular club-based Ibiza night-life, which spawned countless Uncovered sequels. This was a dream come true for broadcasters, who had stumbled upon the schedulers Holy Grail a format that was cheap, popular, and quick to produce. The use of real people cut out the roles and the fees of writer and actor, as well as the valuable production time taken up by the writing and rehearsing process. They also cut equipment costs by the use of natural lighting and documentary style single camera format. Therefore high volumes of programmes could be churned out for little money, in little time. The criticism which arose against the docu-soap phenomenon centred upon the flimsy content of the shows, the canonisation of trivial incidents, the lack of narrative, and the lack of any documentary-style insight into the lives of the protagonists. Many of the shows tended to make unwitting fools of its stars. Others would take the most trivial elements of its star s jobs say, a routine check of an aeroplane toilet by a member of flight staff and make it a central narrative of the show. However what was perhaps particularly galling was that all of the terrestrial channels would pounce so fervently upon the fad. Of course any broadcaster has a lower end of entertainment, cheaper shows with lower production values than its flagship products, made quickly and cheaply to bulk out the schedule but the docu-soap managed to find itself straddled across the channels in prime-time slots, as well as bulking out daytime schedules. For the BBC in particular, who have such a proud history of incendiary documentary film-making and social realism this is the channel that screened Cathy Come Home (Ken Loach, 1966) this seemed to reflect far too great a willing to sacrifice standards of content. But in their presentation of real people in their real lives, were the docu-soaps reaching out to the viewing public? It could be argued that the shows reflected their audience, that they made stars out of the viewing public, turned everyday events into prime-time viewing, took genuine events from genuine lives and put on screen, and thus reflected the social realities of its audiences to a greater degree than ever before. However the stars of these shows were not comic characters penned for a cheap sitcom, they were human beings, with pasts, and families, tragedies, hopes, futures but thats not how they were presented. To the viewer, they were clowns and stooges, caricatures. The tools of the programmes may have been founded in reality, but the sum of the parts was as stripped down and simplistic as journalism can get. The plot of an episode of Airport: a member of staff going about his job. The point: mild amusement at his expense. And with the elimination of the creative process, the value of cheap, mild amusement at the expense of an unwitting stooge is hard to quantify. In truth, the shows had little more than stylis tics in common with documentary. And yet their effect is great. Whilst the docu-soap fad may have petered out, their influence can still be seen in the more recent popularity of reality antique and property make-over shows, and through its canonisation of members of the public, can even be seen to have paved the way for shows such as Big Brother and The X Factor, the new royalty of reality television. This is a reality of the digital revolution. Products such as Freeview, Sky and ITV digital compete partly on the promise of more channels with greater choice than their rivals. More channels means more shows must be put in production, and unless the company wishes to go bankrupt, that means lower production values, less experienced talent both on and off screen, and more copycat shows antique shows, reality shows, re-runs, and repeat showings. This leads to less experienced people making cheaper shows, and spreading them over a wider array of channels. So we can see tha t the dumbing down of commercial television in the wake of the digital revolution is rooted not in the value system of the entertainment industry but in the economic reality of it. Writing talent, acting talent, directing talent, production values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all these elements cost both money and time, and when cheaply and quickly produced products are just as popular, the talent becomes expendable. So what about the broadcast news, has it also undergone a process of dumbing down? Firstly, it is important to remember the role of humanity in news reportage. For example, what constitutes a news event? Is a motorway pile-up the event of the crash or the aftermath of it? Is the event of a political speech the content of the speech or the reaction to it? Journalism relies on journalists, who rely on their own skills of interpretation, and it is generally accepted that every potential news story is judged on a certain set of news values. One of the most recognised interpre tations of these values was made by Johan Galtung and Marie Holmboe Ruge in 1965. They identified eleven distinct values: This process is merely a reality of news reportage: not every event that happens in the world can be covered, and so events must be judged on their importance. However problems can arise when this intangible importance becomes linked not to theoretical values, but to the perceived values of a generalised target audience. In a News night investigation into the process of selecting stories for news coverage (screened in October 1999, BBC 2), a journalist from the News Of The World told the film crew that a story about white youths dying from drugs sold to them by a black man was more likely to be reported by their newspaper than a story about black youths dying from drugs sold to them by a white man. This is based on the assumption by the newspaper that their audience is not interested in the problems of drug culture affecting the black community, where as the representation of non-whites selling drugs to white youths reinforces racial stereotypes, and as such are more appealing, less challenging, and provide a greater sales guarantee. This is not just dumbing down, it is systemised media bias; it is a news service that bases its reportage on reinforcing stereotypical values of a massively generalised target audience in order to maintain circulation, and hence, profit. Even if the News Of The World have judged their audience correctly, it speaks of a worrying cycle of ignorance if their audience members characterise non-whites as detrimental to whites, and their news reinforces this, how can they be expected to change their views? So we can see that journalistic practice runs into serious problems when it considers its target audience in its methods of reportage. This is a particular problem for commercial television stations, who garner almost all their profits from advertising sales sales which rely on the selling of a target market, one which is shared by the channel and its potential advertisers. What then happens if a certain news story does not appeal to a news products target market is it tailored to be more attractive? Is it left out altogether? If the news product does not suit its target market, ratings drop, and advertisers pull out. ITV is a channel which survives on accessibility, so if its news is not accessible, does not reflect the tone and style of the rest of its programming, it risks losing viewers. Let us examine the coverage of the first annual May Day protests in London. In May 2000 Trafalgar Square was occupied by members of the anti-globalisation protest group Reclaim the Streets, in protest against the practices of multinational corporations and the climate of brand power. As the demonstrations went on, a small minority of vandals along for the ride embarked on a low-scale wave of petty violence, which was denounced by RTS as contrary to their values. RTS are a young political group, tapping into the youth culture trends of anti-capitalism and the deification of counterculture. Looking at the scenes of the protestors, they were young men and women, almost to a head in the 18-25 age group. The only terrestrial news channel to give any air-time to a member of Reclaim The Streets, or to even mention their name, was Channel 4 the channel whose programming is aimed at the youth market to a greater degree than the others in fact a channel who is contradictorily required to be alternative. The BBC news focused on the graffiti tagging of the Cenotaph, and ITV news focused on the small-scale vandalism and violence incited by a small minority of protestors who had crashed the party. Both news products characterised the protestors as anarchists and rioters (true of just a tiny minority). In this case, it is not hard to see how each news products target audience affected the reporting of the event. On the other hand, Select, an alternative mu sic magazine, ran a 12 page special on the inspiration behind the protests, the base of the issues at the heart of Reclaim the Streets, and interviewed popular protagonists of the anti-capitalist sub-culture comedian Mark Thomas and theorist Naomi Klein. This does not necessarily suggest a greater moral credibility on the part of Select, but simply that they were in a position to make such a report. The style and tone fitted in perfectly with their target market, and the piece also ran interviews with various alternative musicians, such as Zack De La Rocha of politically outspoken anti-capitalist funk-rock group Rage Against The Machine. So whilst all of the terrestrial television news programmes can be seen to be dumbing down the event, it would be more accurate to say that they were catering their product to the perceived expectations of their target market, and Select did exactly the same. It is hard to see the BBC devoting 10 minutes of a 30 minutes broadcast to a hist ory of anti-capitalist theory and demonstration, but on the other hand this is a channel that recently gave prime-time half-hour debates to the leaders of the three major political parties in the run-up to the general election. Select gave comprehensive coverage to the history of RTS and the theory behind the demonstration, but they may not have given so many column inches to, for instance, a pro-hunting group. Their coverage may have been more in depth and comprehensive on the May Day protests, but in the same way as the BBC and Channel 4, they covered what would sell. So then we can see that dumbing down, within news reporting at least, perhaps has less to do with appealing to the lowest common denominator and more to do with appealing to a target audience. This can be seen to be a rather exclusive approach appealing to a particular, and generalised, target audience excludes audience members who do not ascribe to the values of the target audience, and in this way we can see how popular news reinforces social stereotypes. It is, for instance, a rather galling assumption that a viewer of the BBC news is less interested in the motivations behind a political demonstration from a peaceful political group (who denounced the small-scale vandalism of a small minority as being contrary to their protest at least they did when given air-time), than a stereotyped representation of anarchic youths run amok. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down" essay for you Create order

Challenge For The International Free Trade Era - 1415 Words

Challenge for the International Free Trade Era: US and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Paul Jonghyun Lee The College of William and Mary Challenge for the International Free Trade Era: US and the Trans-Pacific Partnership The dynamic nature of American political economy is evident in the fundamental changes in its trading policies. We live in an era of global free trade, where the food we eat are imported from Latin America and the furniture we store our Made-In-China shirts are from Asia. We share information over the Internet, exchange goods with people on the other side of the world, and benefit from free trade on a daily basis. As much benefits as free trade has brought to Americans, however, there are downsides to this globalization. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) provides excellent example of these drawbacks. In 2008, the United States joined Australia, Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam in the massive initiative named the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Now, with 4 more countries, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, and Mexico, the US is working to establish one of the biggest multilateral free-trade commitment in its history. Since the beginning of his presidency, President Obama has pushed for the Congress’ approval of the TPP, claiming that the pact’s goals are to reduce tariffs, protect consumer rights, and benefit domestic workers. (USTR, 2011) However, underneath the disguise of the drive for a â€Å"comprehensive, next-generation regionalShow MoreRelatedBusiness Is An Activity It Requires Management1056 Words   |  5 Pageswhich are; planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Management is involved at all levels of a business and is central to business more importantly in this globalised era. The functions of management outlined above are cardinal to any business. This paper will discuss the importance of management in a globalised business era. 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John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1365 Words

John Steinbeck was an author who never wrote without a purpose, though the purpose was not always the same, there was always one. In the novella, Of Mice and Men he wrote with a meaning that was close to his heart. Steinbeck wrote this novella in the middle of the Great Depression for the purpose of showing how this was affecting the citizens of the United States. He wrote Of Mice and Men in order to show how the Great Depression was the final straw in the destruction of the American Dream. In Of Mice and Men, we are introduced to the lives of George and Lennie. George and Lennie lived vicariously through the idea of reaching the American Dream. The American Dream is first described by J.T. Adams, â€Å"But there has been also the American dream, that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement.† The men try to reach this dream with a plan to work together until they hav e enough money to settle down, buy a farm, and live happily, but there is an issue with this dream. In reality, the American Dream seen as a universal goal, and not tapered to each individual’s circumstances, this it is unattainable unless you are a young, able, white male, and if you are missing any of the four characteristics, you have no chance of attaining it. Steinbeck exemplifies this handicap to attaining the American Dream in his novel by his use of characterization. Through the character of CandyShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1248 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men, He uses imagery many times to create a realistic setting and plot. 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Scientific Method and Naturalistic Observation Essay Sample free essay sample

Research. systematic enquiry aimed at the find of new cognition. is a cardinal ingredient of the scientific method in psychological science. It provides the key to understanding the grade to which hypotheses ( and the theories behind them ) are accurate. Merely as we can use different theories and hypotheses to explicate the same phenomena. we can utilize a figure of alternate methods to carry on research. In this exercising. you will larn more about several methods of research that psychologists use to derive new cognition about human behaviour and ethical concerns psychologists face when carry oning research. 1. You are carry oning research on sex differences in e-mails. Your hypothesis is that work forces use more declaratory statements and adult females use more inquiries. Answer each of the undermentioned inquiries. * What might be the advantages of utilizing the archival method? * What might be the disadvantages of utilizing the archival method? 2. Now imagine that you are carry oning research on the length of clip it takes clients to choose points in a food market shop. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Method and Naturalistic Observation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Assume that your hypothesis is that people will pass more clip make up ones minding on more expensive points than on cheaper points. * What might be the advantages of utilizing realistic observation? * What might be the disadvantages of utilizing realistic observation? 3. You have decided to carry on a study on whether a given political campaigner will be popular with Latino electors. * What is an advantage of the study method? * What is a disadvantage of the study method? 4. You have decided to utilize the instance survey method to look into a mother’s experience in raising a kid with autism. * What is an advantage of the instance survey method? * What is a disadvantage of the instance survey method? 5. When carry oning research what are some of the ethical concerns that must be addressed?

Rheumatoid Arthritis an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Rheumatoid Arthritis Introduction The term rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was first proposed by A.B. Garrod in 1858 (Wyngaarde, JB. 1992). It is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease predominantly affecting freely movable joints and frequently a variety of organs. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the joints because of the essential role of the synovium in regulating inflammation (Lipsky PE, 2007). RA occurs worldwide in all ethnics groups. The peak incidence of onset is between the 4th and 6th decade, but may begin at any time from childhood to later life. It affects up to 1% of the worlds population and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (Buch M, 2002). Anthropologic evidence of RA has been found in the New World, but not the Old World skeletons proposing, but no proven that an etiologic agent was carried to Europe by explorers of the Americas. Females are 2-4 times more likely to be affected than males (Koopman WJ, 2001). Nothing was known about RA before the early 19th century. And to this date, the etiology of RA is unclear, and there exists no known specific diagnostic test for it. Need essay sample on "Rheumatoid Arthritis" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Usually Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay now? Essay writer professionals propose: Rely On Our Help In Essay Writing Essay Helper Buy College Papers Online Cheap Essays Cheap Essay Help Etiology Various articles postulate that a genetically susceptible host is exposed to an unknown pathogen (antigen), and that this interaction gives rise to a persistent immunological response (Buch M, 2002). Three areas of interrelated research seem to be most promising: 1) host genetic factors, 2) immuno-regulatory abnormalities and autoimmunity, and 3) a triggering or persisting microbial infection. Genetic abnormalities in RA has clearly been demonstrated. The disease clusters in families and occurs more frequently in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins with genetic factors accounting for up to 60%of disease succeptibility. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele (and encoded antigen) HLA-DR4 (HLA, Human Lymphocyte Antigen) is significantly increased in RA patients in most populations (Arnett, 1992). Arnett explains also that this tissue type is shown to be correlated with rheumatoid factor (FR) titer, severe destruction of joints documented on x-ray, rheumatoid lung disease and Feltys syndrome. \Rheumatoid arthritis appears to be an autoimmune disease similar to other major histocompatibility complex diseases. Components of the immune system attack the soft tissue that lines the joints and can also attack connective tissue in many other parts of the body, such as the blood vessels and lungs. Eventually, the cartilage, bone, and ligaments of the joint erode, causing deformity, instability, and scarring within the joint. The joints deteriorate at a highly variable rate. Many factors, including genetic predisposition, may influence the pattern of the disease. An infectious origin for RA has been a controversial hypothesis. Organisms such as Strptococci, diptheroids, mycoplasmas and Clostridium perfringens have all played a part in this controversy and later on discarded because of lack of evidence. Rubella, Ross River Virus and parvovirus have been shown to produce an acute polyarthritis, but still there is no evidence that they initiate chronic RA. The Epstein Barr virus at present still remains a viable but unproven candidate for a pathogenic role. Pathogenesis The pathologic hallmark of RA is synovial membrane proliferation and outgrowth associated with erosion of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The earliest findings would be microvasculature injury and moderate proliferation of synovial cells. The article of Lipsky in the New England Journal of Medicine describes the pathogenesis as a dramatic increase in the number of cells in the lining layer, and the sublining layer becomes infiltrated with inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. But the behavior of the inflammatory cells has not been delineated in great detail. Cellular and humoral immune mechanism roles in the rheumatoid synovium have been proposed theories, and both have immunologic findings to support the theories (Bush M, 2002). A cellular mechanism would involve activation of infiltrating T lymphocytes by some unknown antigen presented by DR-positive cells. Humoral mechanisms are supported by the demonstration of local RF production within the synovium, the formation of IgM-IgG immune complexes, and activation and consumption of complement via the classic pathway. Antigen-antibody complexes formed within the joint cavity can become trapped in hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, where they cause changes in matrix macromolecules. The ultimate destruction of cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments probably results from a variety of proteolytic enzymes, metalloproteinases, and soluble mediators. Collagenase is probably largely responsible for the typical erosions after its activation by plasmin. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis The general features of RA include synovitis of the synovial joints and deformity. As mentioned in the pathogenesis, RA is due to an abnormal immune reaction associated with constitutional symptoms which can affect the other organ systems as well. However the joint synovitis leading to arthritis affecting multiple joints remains the key clinical feature in RA. The onset of RA among different individuals is highly variable. In the majority, it takes weeks or months for the joint pain and stiffness to develop. It involves one or more small joints of the hands, wrists, shoulders, or knees and/or the metatarsophalangeal joints. The course of RA, like its onset, also varies widely. Fluctuating disease activity in the disease process is usual. Some patients may have a relentlessly progressive course leading to early disability or even death, but repeated periods of some degree of remission are the rule. Assessment of functional capacity is frequently necessary in the RA patient. The classification for this is as follows: Class I: No restriction of ability to perform normal activities; Class II: Moderate restriction, but with an ability to perform most activities of daily living; Class III: Marked restriction, with an ability to perform most activities of daily living and occupation; Class IV: Incapacitation with confinement to bed or wheelchair (Arnett FC, 1992). Differential Diagnosis Some of the differential diagnosis of RA include Acute viral arthritis, sarcoidosis, SLE, polyarticular gout, erosive osteoarthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, polymyositis and calcium pyrophosphate disease. These are differentiated by the presence or absence of subcutaneous nodules and the rheumatoid factor. The findings of subcutaneous nodules and the presence of rheumatoid factor are useful but not specific differential features. To establish a more definite diagnosis, a complete medical evaluation, often including synovial fluid analysis is essential in all patients with joint manifestations. Articular Manifestations: RA can affect any diarthroidal joint such as the hands, wrists, knees, and feet. It may progress to involve the elbows, shoulders, sternoclavicular joints, hips and ankles. Spinal involvement in always limited to the cervical vertebrae. Extra-Articular Manifestations: Non-specific symptoms like malaise, fatigue, weakness, low-grade fever and mild lymphadenopathy are common in RA. The extra-articular sites include the skin, as subcutaneous nodules, in the heart as pericardial disease, in the lungs as rheumatoid pleural disease, and neurologic manifestations as compression of nerves such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Radiologic findings: Radiologic hallmarks of RA include periarticular osteoporosis and focal bone erosions at the joint margins (Lipsky PE, 2005)(Buch M, 2002). Studies attempting to identify the mechanisms underlying the development of focal bone erosions have demonstrated that osteoclasts, predominantly, mediate the bone resorptive process. Laboratory Features Immunological studies are required when RA is being clinically suspected. Tests for rheumatoid factor is always requested. A negative RF does not rule out RA; rather, the arthritis is called seronegative. Rheumatoid factor is frequently negative during the first year of illness. Eventually, about 80% of patients eventually convert to seropositive. A chronic normocytic, normochromic anemia with hematocrit values from 30 to 35% is common. Both serum iron levels and iron-binding capacity are low. The WBC count and differentials are normal, but eosinophilia may occur as the disease progresses. The platelet maybe elevated due the diseases chronicity. Synovial fluid analysis shows a poor mucin clot test and WBC count may be in the range of 5000 to 20,000 per cubic meter. Synovial glucose is usually normal (Arnett FC, 1992). Management Objectives of management include 1) relief of pain, 2) reduction of inflammation, 3) minimizing undesirable side effects, 4) preservation of muscle strength and joint function, and 5) returning to a normal lifestyle. Basic initial program that achieves these objectives consists of 1) adequate rest, 2) adequate anti-inflammatory agents, and 3) physical measures to maintain joint function (Arnett FC, 1992). These can only be accomplished by the patient through graded exercise program. Quality of life is very important in these patients. Health care quality appears to be suboptimal for arthritis, co-morbid disease, and health care maintenance (MacLean CH, 2000). It was observed that patterns of care that included relevant specialists were associated with substantially higher quality. Patterns that included generalists were associated with substantially higher quality health care maintenance than patterns that included neither a generalist nor a relevant specialist. The optimal roles of primary care physicians and specialists in the care of patients with complex conditions should be reassessed (MacLean CH, 2000). Therapeutics Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Anti-inflammatory drug use is critical to the therapeutic program of the RA patient. Salicylates are inexpensive, generally well-tolerated and effective in controlling inflammation of RA. A constant serum blood level of 20 to 30 mg per deciliter is required. Many other NSAIDs are available and equally effective for RA treatment. New drugs for the treatment of RA include oral leflunomide, subcutaneous injection of either etanercept, adalimumab or anakinra, and intravenous infusion of infliximab (Olsen NJ, 2004). Research Frontiers Significant progress in the pathogenesis of RA has been achieved. Likewise effective new therapy agents have been introduces and tested. Advances for the next 25 years is anticipated, including delineation of the genetic basis of disease susceptibility and severity, genetic definition of disease subtypes that differ in severity and response to therapy, and prompt initiation of effective individualized treatment based on genetic and environmental assessment. Reconstructive surgery will become increasingly unnecessary and the morbidity, economic burden, and mortality due to RA will be reduced substantially (Koopman WJ, 2001). References Arnett FC. Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Wyngaarde, JB, Smith LH, Bennett JC, eds. Cecil textbook of medicine, Principles of diagnosis and management, 19th Ed., W.B. Saunders Company, 1992:1508-15. Buch M, Emery P. The Aetiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Hospital Pharmacist. 2002:9:5-10 Koopman, WJ. Prospects for Autoimmune Disease: Research Advances in Rheumatoid Arthritis. JAMA. 2001;285:648-650 Lipsky PE. Rheumatoid arthritis. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrisons principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005:1968-77. Lipsky, PE. Why Does Rheumatoid Arthritis Involve the Joints? N Engl J Med. 2007:356;23, 2419-20 MacLean CH, Louie R, Leake B, McCaffrey DF, Paulus HE, Brook RH, Shekelle PG. Quality of Care for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. JAMA, 2000;284:8 Olsen NJ, Stein CM. New Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis, N Engl J Med 2004;350:2167-79.

Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Essays

Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Essays Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Paper Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Paper Enemies was born 8 December 1928 Is In American psychologist and member of the National Academy of Sciences. He Is a faculty member at Cornell university. He was a great contributor to cognitive psychology with his first book: Cognitive Psychology. His criticism He criticized the field of cognitive psychology; he disagreed with the linear programming model of cognitive psychology, which sees the human brain like an operating computer, with its overemphasis on information processing models used to describe behavior. Moreover he argued that cognitive psychology had failed to dress everyday aspects of human behavior. He blamed the excessive dependence on artificial laboratory tasks for this failure. He felt that in cognitive psychology, there was a severe disconnection between theories of behavior shaped by laboratory experiments and real-world events, which he called ecological validity. Lastly, he criticizes the opinion that individuals are passive in the perception process. Five selves In his article he says; If we are In search of the self, we can look either Inward or outward. To look inward is to focus on private experience, on mental representations, on the self-concept. To look outward is to see the self as embedded in its environment, ecologically and socially situated in relation to other objects and persons. (Enemies, 1994) Human beings confirmation of each others selfless is seen as an aspect of life. : Human beings have different ways to know about themselves; perceiving themselves ecologically or socially, remembrance, conception, reflection and Introspective awareness are some of the spots to see the self from. Despite to the fact that each have their own origins Enemies claims that two perceptions are fundamental compared to other ones; ecological and interpersonal. Enemies, 1993) This view of him is definitely affected by his colleague and friend, James Gibson. Gibson sees the two perceptions like two sides of a coin. Gibson, 1979) Our definition of ourselves differs throughout our life; at first we Just sense the world outside, our environment and define ourselves accordingly; then we distinguish people from the non living: later being spent more time on the world and having different experiences we see ourselves in another way; after that we learn to hide some things from others, we have some thing hidden or in other word: private; and anally we conceptualize a unique self. S o Enemies defines five different selves according to the direction of the view; Ecological self The self as perceived with respect to the physical environment. (l am the one here doing that. ) The limbs and the reach of them are always considered as ecological self; for example people with artificial body parts consider them as themselves because they move according to intentions and coordinated by the shifts in the viewpoint of the person. Interpersonal sell The self that produces species specific signals of emotional relationship and communication. (l am the person engaging in this human relation. ) The ecological self is an active factor in the physical environment; the interpersonal self is an agent in a social environment. We see/perceive ourselves as the target of the other persons attention, and as an agent in the interaction. Extended self The self based on our personal memories and anticipations. (l am the one with certain experiences and certain routines. ) Private self This self appears when children notice that some of their experiences are not directly shared with other people. (l am the one who can feel that unique emotion. ) Conceptual self (self concept) The self drawing its meaning from the network of assumptions in which it is embedded. It can be based on social roles, internal identities or personal characteristics. ( Enemies, 1988). I am an intelligent American professor. The conceptual self consists of the beliefs, appropriate roles, personal attributes, and even worth and value. Parallel to self concept there exist the self-narratives, the stories we tell to ourselves in mind, while encoding experiences to memory. (Enemies Fichus, 1994). However we often tell the story to ourselves in a different way, reconstructing he life in our mind and this leads to another self; the remembered self. His views about Perception Enemies argues that humans are not passive in cognition; they are active participants using their schemata to perceive the information flowing through sensory organs. If the information is relevant it may change the schemata and alter the processing of knowledge derived from the environment. Information action schemata Enemies believes that this conception explains selective perceptions; as the individual wanders throughout the world the schemata anticipates the beneficial information and allocates the resources to perceives it.

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication - Essay Example He conducted a number of experiments in an attempt to develop various successful transplantation processes between his subjects and organs from animal. Brinkley was considered one the most persuasive and manipulative individuals in the united states during this period and he used his wit and strategies to succeed in various advertising activities and political endeavors. His ability to gather and appropriately use large amounts of data presented with a number of opportunities and this contributed towards his personal growth in the different activities he was engaged in (Kennedy, 2010). This section of the paper will analyze the various advertising strategies that Brinkley used and how these strategies enabled him to develop into a great business and political personality in the country. As a medical doctor, Brinkley opened a major clinic in Milford to enable him serve the locals who were suffering from male impotency. In this clinic, Brinkley xenotransplanted goat testicles into his patients as a means of curing importance, a practice that was viewed as rogue and out of line according to medical practice guidelines. However, Brinkley was loved and cherished by the locals who frequented his clinics in different parts of Kansas City. As a way of winning over the hearts of the locals, Brinkley adopted to employ a large number of the local residents into his clinics and accord them hefty wages. As a means of caring for his patients after the transplantation and prior to the exercise, Brinkley would personally call his patients and provide assistance from the phone call to enable them recover well. This practice made him more popular especially during the 1918 flu pandemic that affected the Arkansas locals and cost widespread deaths and devastations. At a time when advertising using the public airwaves was minimal and partly restricted, Brinkley decided to construct his own radio station, a means that he used to advertise his products. The idea of using radio airwav es as a means of advertising arose when he visited KHJ radio station in Los Angeles during one of his business and data collection trips. The decision to build a radio station presented Brinkley with a self-controlled media that enabled him to reach a large number of his target clients. He also possessed the ability and power to influence the thinking of people, an act he perfected by using his radio station to act as an opinion shaper in the country (Kennedy, 2010). The radio station created a number advertising opportunities and this allowed his business to grow and extend beyond the boundaries of Milford. The radio also provided a number of opportunities to the different businesses within the state, who would advertise their products at much cheaper prices as compared to other available means. This endeared Brinkley to the people of Milford and other parts of Arkansas and propelled his political ambitions and career. Though he lost two attempts to be the governor, Brinkley was a serious contender, coming second in the two successive elections. Despite the controversy that surrounded his professional and academic credentials, Brinkley was supported by over 30% of the voters in the two successive attempts he made (Lee, 2002). Legislative actions on media freedom The enshrinement of the first amendment into the united states constitution broaden the media space in the country and resulted into the expansion of media freedom and space. This amendment resulted into subsequent barring of the government from interfering with the processes of printing and circulating of media information and opinions in the country. The enshrinement of this amendment into the United States constitution presented the opportunity for the enactment and passage of more laws

Importance of Strategic thinking and formulation in the organisational Essay

Importance of Strategic thinking and formulation in the organisational change - Essay Example There are many stages involved in the process of the strategic management. These steps are divided in to three broad categories: 1) Strategy formulation 2) Strategy implementation 3) Strategy evaluation The first step namely the strategy formulation involves the development of the business mission, evaluation of the opportunities and threats faced by the business organisation in the business, by using tools such as SWOT analysis, examining the strengths and weaknesses of the business, determining the long term objectives of the business and designing the new strategies to eke in the process of achieving the new targets. It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business, limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities.... d the marketing efforts, planning the financial issues, alignment of the information system with the information needs of the employees and last but not least provisions of appraisals and rewards to the employees. The strategy implementation stage requires several actions to be taken by the management in order to get the most of it. The successful implementation of a strategy is directly related to the ability of a manger to motivate employees in the strategic direction and to develop an organisational culture to adopt the change and take it into the daily business practise. It also demands some crucial steps by the managers on personal level. The manger should depict different qualities such as discipline, high level of commitment and motivation, leadership and enthusiasm of making things possible. Successful implementation of strategy is very important. This is the most crucial step in the whole process since it involves many factors besides the ability of manger. This includes the adoption of change by the employees, their commitment levels, and the enthusiasm towards their jobs. Most often the business organisations fail to achieve their desired targets since they fail to implement their s trategies in a successful manner or fail to get support from their employees. The final stage is the strategy evaluation. After the implementation it is important for the managers to test the effectiveness of the strategy. The strategy of a company requires constant updating. With the changing conditions of market and industry it is important for an organisation to keep its strategy in tact with the changing environment. An out dated strategy cannot fulfil the needs of today's global environment. In order to go through the updating process the organisations should carry on

Feasability of customizing a pop music concert

Feasability of customizing a pop music concert The report is prepared in feasibility stage outlining activities needed for the project of customizing a pop music concert. The report covers the background of Woods Ltd and brief info of PLC. There after detail discuss on the stages of PLC from concept stage, development stage, implement stage to commission stage will all details of each sections and subsections, finally a brief summary of report in conclusion. Woods Ltd are a company specialising in the special events and have 1 base in the North West of England. The major job of Woods Ltd is focus upon giving customised special events on behalf of major organisation. Woods Ltd has developed an outstanding reputation on both large and small projects, nationwide and overseas. 1.1 PURPOSE OF REPORT The purpose of this report is Woods Ltd is planning to provide a one off event for a major music company. This report also discusses a range of activities required to manage the project successfully. 1.2 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE Burke (2003) said the project is a framework for dividing the project up into manageable phases. The four phases are concept phase, development phase, implementation phase and termination phase. Figure 1.0 Project Life Cycle 2.0 Concept Stage Burke (2003) said starts the project off by establishing the need for the project and the feasibility phase is in this stage. 2.1 Goal and objective The objectives of the project are customised a pop music concert. Beside that, make sure the project fulfil all the requirements for the sponsor of pop music concert. Once the project is conceptualized, the next obvious step is to set SMART goals for its successful implementation. Most professionals agree that the successful implementation of a project demands setting up of certain meaningful guidelines and SMART goals. Special Well defined Clear to anyone that has a basic knowledge of the project. Measureable Know if the goal is obtainable and how far away completion is Know when it has been achieved Agree upon Agreement with all the stakeholders what the goals should be Realistic Within the availability of resources, knowledge and time Time Based Enough time to achieve the goal Not too much time , which can affect project performance Table 2.1 Smart goal analysis 2.2 Project feasibility study Feasibility study is a critical part of the project life cycle. The aim of the study would be to carry out a preliminary investigation which should help to determine whether the project should proceed further and how it should proceed. A well-orchestrated project feasibility study provides the kind of impartial analysis that can separate profitable ideas from unproductive brainstorms (Joe Taylor Jr.). Table 2.2 shows that, the PM responsible for conducting the feasibility study would normally consider: Cost Is this within the budget set by the organisation or within the capabilities of the organisation to finance it? Timing Are there specific constraints on timing and is it possible to complete the project within these constraints? Performance Will the project satisfy performance criteria which have been determined? Effect on the organisation Is it feasible in the context of the organisation and the effect with it will have upon it? 2.3 STEEP analysis of the project According to Field and Keller (1998), STEEP analysis provides concentrated information covering social, technological, economic, ecological as well as political factor. STEEP analysis is a technique used to aid groups to focus on what is driving change in the external environment. STEEP Description Social Woods Ltd provides professional service to customer. Woods Ltd will provide all the customers wants. For example selling the DVD music, drinks and others to them when in the pop music concert. Technology Company is adapting new technologies and techniques to improve the customer needs and satisfaction. For example offer several options in eye-soothing and attractive plain and multi-colored stage lighting, including stage floor lights, pedestal-mounted lights, suspended overhead lights, and more. Economic Woods Ltd increases their levels of employment, reduce the national unemployment rate. Ecology This pop music concert will not cause any pollution and effect to the environment. Beside that, in introducing new products, Woods Ltd is offering more paperless transactions, implementing electronic payment and online statements. Political and Legal Woods Ltd ability to create more affiliated business and improve public perception of organization and government. Woods Ltd should also protect its workers by ensuring all the hiring, compensation, training or repatriation is according to UK Labour Law as stipulated. Table 2.3 STEEP Analysis 2.4 Identify the stakeholder group According to Slack et al. (2004), to understand the project environment is to consider the various individuals and groups of people who have direct or indirect interest in the project. The five primary project stakeholders are the PM, project team, functional management, sponsors and customer. Each stakeholder has an essential contribution to make and all stakeholder expectations need to be met. Stakeholders for this project are shown in the table below. Group of stakeholders Responsibility in this pop music concert Project Manager Project manager is the person who is responsible for ensuring that the project team completes the event for a pop music concert on time. Beside that, the project manager develops the project plan with the team and manages the teams performance of the project tasks. Project team members The project team members are responsible for executing tasks and producing deliverables as outlined in the project plan and directed by the project manager, at whatever level of effort or participation has been defined for them. Vendors Vendors are contracted to provide additional products or services the project will require and may be members of the project team. Consumers Consumers include all the people that will use the product or services that the project is developing. Consumers internal to the Performing organization may also be customers. Table 2.4 Group of stakeholder and Responsibility in this pop music concert 2.5 Identify the Resources Required In the Project According to (Sloman 2006), there are three types of resources form the perspective of economic study, they are human resources, natural resources and manufactured resources. Pop music concert is a big project and it needs a comprehensive plan on resources in terms of manpower, budget, equipment and machineries required. Below are the examples of the estimated music concert equipment that the PM planned to be required in this event. 2.6 Approval obtains in concept stage Once the project proposal gets endorsement of the stakeholder of client, project manager will move to the continuous phase which is development phase. 3.0 DEVELOPMENT STAGES In this stage, a project team is conceived with responsibilities allocated. The planning events will mostly be prepared in this stage. 3.1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Since the pop concert project is also a portfolio of several activities, it is necessary to breakdown the work. The work breakdown structure (WBS) is used to capture all the works of a particular project. WBS is required throughout the entire project. This is a results-oriented family tree presenting the activities to conduct or perform. WBS is represented by a hierarchical figure to organised complex and large projects (Senaratne and Sexton, 2009). The WBS is designed to help more accurately and specifically define and organise the scope of the total project. Beside that, WBS in pop concert projects is to help with assigning responsibilities, resource allocation, monitoring the project, and controlling the project. Finally, it allows PM double check all the deliverables specifics with the stakeholders and make sure there is nothing missing or overlapping. 3.2Network Diagram According to Levine, R 2010 network diagram is representation of projects activities to show logical relationship between activities to find out the completion date. The PM will establish a network diagram as in the table 3.1 by stating all the activities that perform in the project. Based on the table 3.2 shows that, pop concert project needed 49days to be completed. (Please refer appendix 1 for example of network diagram). 3.3 Financial Project Appraisal Financial Appraisal Financial project appraisal is a series of methods used to assess the financial feasibility of a pop music concert project. In this report will cover several types of financial appraisal method which aims to aid management in project selection and to improve shareholders wealth as well. Payback Payback period is a type of financial appraisal that measures the duration it takes to recover the initial investment costs which can be closely describe as break-even point (Petty, et al 2006). Under the payback periods rule, which ever project that gives the shorter payback duration will be accepted (Andrew and Gallagher (2003)) p 271. Net Present Value (NPV) NPV method can be said to increase shareholders wealth as this method can be easily understood. The main point is as long as the benefits (cash inflow which already taken future discounted value into account) exceed its cost, it can be said the investment has created a value (Andrew and Gallagher (2003)), p 274. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a type of financial appraisal that finds a single rate of return that determines whether it is worth undertaking a project or not by measuring the rate of return that makes the NPV equivalent to zero. (Investopedia2010). 3.4 Project budget Keown 2005 said that, PM must make a master budget where all other budgets from various quarters are consolidated into the master budget. PM will determine the reasonable cost that required to accomplishing the pop concert project. When the estimated cost of an item is uncertain, the project budget often includes a design allowance. This is money that is set aside in the budget just in case the actual cost of the item is wildly different than the estimate. Estimated Expenses à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ (pound) Performers Taken That Rhianna Jay Z à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 30,000.00 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 50,000.00 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 25,000.00 Manpower expenses à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 15,000.00 Concert services à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 10,000.00 Equipment Rental à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 18,000.00 Space Rental à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 12,000.00 Concert decorate à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤15,000.00 Total Costs à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤175,000.00 Table 3.2 list of estimate project budget 3.5 Project Policy and Procedure A well-laid out policy and procedures manual will help attract informed members and allow the company to operate more efficiently and effectively. As argued by Utar Project Management, a policy is created as guidance for the project team to carry out their task without go against the law and regulation. Beside that, a procedure is a method by which a policy can be accomplished; it provides the instructions necessary to carry out a policy statement. Project team has to set some significant policies such as employment policy which respectively bound to the UK Employment Act. Beside that, all the staffs are needed to follow the rules and regulation as presented in (appendix 3) to avoid anything occur in the workplace. 3.6 Obtain approval from owner to proceed with implementation stage At last of this stage, PM will discuss and show all the paper work of the development stages to owner and get approval to go ahead with the project implementations. 4.0 Implementation stage According to Burke (2003) this phase involve the actual implementation of the pop concert project as agreed by all stakeholders. 4.1 Leadership style for PM PM needs to understand human motivation, team development and how to influence people, Boddy (2002).The best leadership style is always subject to each situation and the objective of leadership is to lead the team to a common goal. Lead is to adapt to the situation and the group you need to lead. Woods Ltd would need to adopt democratic leadership as each key team member is able to provide better proposals in addressing problems in a particular area with their expertise.Below are five leadership styles. Leadership Style Characteristic Autocratic *Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else * High degree of dependency on the leader * can create de-motivation and alienation of staff Democratic *May help motivation and involvement * Improves the sharing of ideas and experiences within the business * workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas * can delay decision making Laissez-Faire *can be very useful in businesses where creative ideas are important * relies on good team work and interpersonal relations * can make coordination and decision making time-consuming and lacking in overall direction Participative *Leader acts as a father figure * Paternalistic leader makes decision buy may consult Consultative *Share the problem with relevant subordinates individually * The manager makes decision that may or may not reflect the subordinates influence. Table 4.1: Leadership style 4.2 Motivation Motivation for pop concert projects to be used is Maslow Hierarchy of Needs. Maslows model indicates that fundamental, lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher-level motivators along the lines of self-fulfilment. In order to motivate employees, leadership must be understand the current level of needs at which the employee finds themselves, and leverage needs for workplace motivation. Table 4.2: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid 4.3 Procurement procedure Sound planning of procurement is crucial. PM shall determine what material and equipment are needed to purchase for this project and to ensure that the quality of material and equipment meet the requirement. Based on fair standards and non-discriminatory supplier selection, Woods Ltd is ready to enter into partnerships with new supplier applicants. Initially, PM need to identifying potential companies that can supply the products and services. After that, audition tasks should be held in order to identify the quality approved suppliers. Beside that, PM should also identify whether they require Just-in-Time delivery from their suppliers. (Please refer appendix 5) 4.4 Risk Management Tinnirello, 2000 said that risk management is to recognize potential problems before it happens so that corrective actions can be planned ahead and appeal when necessary to minimize undesirable impacts on the completion of projects. The approach PM has taken to manage risks for Pop concert project included a methodical process by which the project team define risk, identify risk, quantify risk, and develop response. The most likely and highest impact risks were added to the project schedule to ensure that the PM take the necessary steps to implement the mitigation response at the appropriate time during the schedule. (Please refer appendix 4) 4.5 Monitoring and Control According to Cadle, J Yeates, D (2001) PM require to control and monitor 4 main criteria into the pop concert project which is time, cost, quality and resources. The purpose of project monitoring and control is to provide actions can be taken when the project performance deviates significantly form the plan. During the execution of work, close monitoring and control is needed in order to ensure that progress, cost expenditure and scope performance are measured and reported with methods which are in line with the way the plan was set up. It could be daily, weekly or monthly. Criteria to Control Monitor How it is possible Time Time must be in control because it is significant to project to complete without any delay Cost Cost also should be in control because just for renovation and opening, owners should not spend a lot. Quality If the quality of project being monitored the ISO 9002 standard can be achieved Resources Resources also must be in control and require to use it until the maximum. Table 4.3 How to control Monitor the project. 5.0 Termination stage This phase is to confirm and aggress that the project has completed and meets customers requirement and satisfaction. Jack and Samuel (2003) 5.1 Opening concert preparations After all the checking is properly done, the PM will organize event management department to take over the opening preparations. 5.2 Release Unused Resources PM should transfer out all the unwanted materials, equipment, and any other resources to the appropriate places and redistribute personnel for the next project. For example machine and working equipment will transfer to the new project sites. 5.3 Documentation checked PM will run the last check into the pop concert, to ensure completion of the work, including tasks performed by subcontractors. Notify the pop concert owner of project completion and ensure that deliverables as planned. Beside that, PM must ensure that documentation is complete, including a terminal evaluation of the project deliverable and preparation of the projects Final Report. The PM is responsible to explain in detail about the item in the contract and after the owner of the pop concert has agreed with the item in the contract, the contract is sign off. 5.4 Payment and close up After the pop concert owner has sign off the contract, PM will submit the invoice for pop concert owner and remit payment. The information on an invoice includes invoice number, payment term, date invoice, client details and etc. Once payment being made by pop concert owner, the project will be finalize and close. 6.0 Conclusion In a nut shell, this report listed the activities needed by using the concept project life cycle. As a project moves through each process, the PM and senior management should continually monitor the projects critical success factors to ensure it is still viable. For the pop concert project, there are specific areas, and these are: integration to ensure that various project activities are coordinated; scope to ensure that all the work required and only the work required are included; time to provide an effective project schedule; cost to identify needed resources and maintain budget control; quality to ensure functional requirements are met; human resource to effectively employ project personnel; risk to analyse and mitigate potential risks and procurement to obtain necessary resources. Beside that, the project should be viewed alongside with the control techniques at all stages to ensure customers satisfaction throughout. 2145 words 7.0 Reference Sloman, J 2006, Economics, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, Spain. Bruke Rory, Project Management: Planning and Control Techniques2003, John Wiley Boddy, D2002, Managing project Building and Leading the Team, Pearson Education Limited, London Project Management University of Tunku Abdul Rahman , Malaysia University of Sunderland Managing of Project notes. 2005 Field, M., Keller, L (1998) Project management. Open University. Richman, L (2002) project management Step-by step. AMACOM. Maslow, A. (1943) Motivation and personality, revised by R. Frazer et al (3rd edn 1970) Harper and Row, London. Herzberg, F. work and the Nature of Man. Ty Crowell Co Referring from Internet http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/2645.aspx Viewed 15 December 2010 http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/rsv9182#how Viewed 15 December 2010 http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:MNTXauAUAYoJ:fm.dal.ca/policies/files/ae269c8cdab2a6ab9af1aa0d3b788bb4.doc+policy+and+procedure+definitionscd=4hl=enct=clnkgl=my Viewed 18 December 2010 http://www.12manage.com/methods_goleman_leadership_styles.html Viewed 18 December 2010 http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Maslows_Needs_Hierarchy.html Viewed 18 December 2010 http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:weh8P22Py4UJ:www.wiley.com/college/dec/meredith298298/resources/ppt/Ch13.ppt+project+termination+processhl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEESiy7TJ0FuzLsZKfCWxNcvvB4dqm_IZc6b9L9LMFWjOjvggX6Hsy7pJCdGTN-oiM54pzGQ7aUxp3L2vUZtoY1Fj2H-4XE3IEDCgFRolkeMcmEk3n5fyAea94dckyPWRK8XgOELLhsig=AHIEtbRSLeD7hwcgLsDncMJnBUvJkerPkw Viewed 22 December 2010 http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/smart-goals.html Viewed 22 December 2010 http://www.hireking.com.au/stage-hire-perth.shtml Viewed 22 December 2010 http://www.allbusiness.com/management/444125-1.html Viewed 27 December 2010 Appendix 2 The difference between policies and procedure Policy Procedure Describe the rules that establish what will or will not be done. Can range from broad philosophies to specific rules. Are usually expressed in standard sentence and paragraph format. Include WHAT the rule is, WHEN it applies and WHO it covers. Describe the critical steps undertaken to achieve policy intent. Are succinct, factual and to the point. Are usually expressed using lists. Include HOW to achieve the necessary results. Appendix 3 Safety rules and guidelines 1) Observe and practice the safety procedures established for the job. 2) In case of sickness or injury, no matter how slight, report at once to your supervisor. In no case should an employee treat his or her own or someone elses injuries or attempt to remove foreign particles from someone elses eye. 3) Do not wear loose clothing or jewellery around machinery. It may catch on moving equipment and cause a serious injury 4) Where required, you must wear protective equipment, such as goggles, safety glasses, masks, gloves, hair nets, etc. appropriate to the task. 5) Safety equipment such as restraints, pull backs, and two-hand devices are designed for your protection. Be sure such equipment is adjusted for you. 6) Observe No Smoking regulations. 7) Do not operate machines or equipment until you have been properly instructed and authorized to do so by your supervisor. 8) Do not engage in such other practices as may be inconsistent with ordinary and reasonable common sense safety rules. 9) Shut down your machine before cleaning, repairing, or leaving it. 10) Report any unsafe condition or acts to your supervisor. Appendix 4 Risk management Planning Risk Management Planning is the systematic process of deciding how to approach, plan, and execute risk management activities throughout the life of a project. It is intended to maximize the beneficial outcome of the opportunities and minimize or eliminate the consequences of adverse risk events Identify risk event Risk identification involves determining which risks might affect the project and documenting their characteristics. It may be a simple risk assessment organized by the project team. Qualitative Risk analysis Qualitative risk analysis assesses the impact and likelihood of the identified risks and develops prioritized lists of these risks for further analysis or direct mitigation. The team assesses each identified risk for its probability of occurrence and its impact on project objectives. Project teams may elicit assistance from subject matter experts or functional units to assess the risks in their respective fields Quantitative Risk analysis Quantitative risk analysis is a way of numerically estimating the probability that a project will meet its cost and time objectives. Quantitative analysis is based on a simultaneous evaluation of the impacts of all identified and quantified risks. Risk response Planning Risk response strategy is the process of developing options and determining actions to enhance opportunities and reduce threats to the projects objectives. It identifies and assigns parties to take responsibility for each risk response. This process ensures that each risk requiring a response has an owner . The Project Manager and the project team identify which strategy is best for each risk, and then selects specific actions to implement that strategy Risk monitoring and control Risk Monitoring and Control tracks identified risks, monitors residual risks, and identifies new risks-ensuring the execution of risk plans, and evaluating their effectiveness in reducing risk. Risk Monitoring and Control is an ongoing process for the life of the project. Appendix 5 procurement procedure Woods Lth supplier Procurement procedure