Customer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay - 1275 Words

Identifying and Differentiate Individual Customers Most companies still cling to a product-centric view even today, basing their business strategies on revenue and their products or services instead of their existing or potential customers. In other words, companies focused on selling as many products as they could, with no regard for who was buying them and why. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) today has changed the way companies view from looking to not only improve their revenue and compensation but to make their customers happier, with the focus on loyalty and retention. CRM technology is used to efficiently and effectively gather vast amounts of data as well as analyze, interpret, and utilize that data to find solutions to customer satisfaction strategies, directly targeted on streamlining, improving, and personalizing all the customer interactions with the company. (Gordon, 2002) The shift to a more customer focus is because the world of business has changed and customers are not all equal. In the past, companies focused managing the products and selling the same products or services to as many customers as possible, regardless of how different those customers were. Today, customers’ wants and needs are the central focus for most companies to give them longevity and to give them the competitive edge. Companies use CRM strategies to alter the customer experience to move beyond the sales focus to a relationship with the customers that meet the needs ofShow MoreRelatedCustomer Relationship Management (CRM)845 Words   |  3 PagesRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It is an approach used to learn more about customers needs and manners in order to develop stronger relationships with them. Good customer relationships are at the core of business achievement. 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It refers to the practices, strategies and the technologies used by companies to understand the customer’s needs and behavior in order to create and build relationships with customers and to follow them throughout the customer lifecycle with a focus on increasing retaining customers with driving the sales growth. The idea of a CRM system isRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) may be methodology} that supports degree organization’s decision-making method to retain long-term and profitable relationships with its customers. Some define CRM as simply a business strategy whereas others define it as a data-driven approach to assess customers’ current desires and gain The common variations of CRM include: operational CRM (O-CRM); analytical CRM (A-CRM); collaborative CRM (C-CRM); e-Commerce CRM (e-CRM); and mobile CRM (m-CRM) OperationalRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesare target markets, customer relationship management (CRM), technology and breakthrough opportunities, building relationships with customers, and most importantly, customer lifetime value. Target markets are part of a marketing strategy. It is a â€Å"fairly homogenous group† of customers who a company wants to appeal to (pg 33). To determine their target markets, companies look at age, location, gender and etc. For example, a firm that sells winter apparel will target customers who live in cold regionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is significant in the service marketing these days, customers are the major element that relates to the company growth and profits. Understanding the customer purchase behavior and relationship is a key of success that commonly indicates the B2B B2C relationship management. CRM system provides the customer information that shows what customer wants and needs, and help sales person to increase the customer relationship with the organizationRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )3159 Words   |  13 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) is a strategy for operating all your enterprise’s relationships and interactions with your clients and future clients (What is CRM.) The CRM industry has been molded by monolithic trends over its lifetime. Back in the late 90s, intranets, extranets and the internet altered CRM into more collaborative approaches. The move to cloud has transformed CRM and the relative merchant success. It has definitely encouraged several more users to implement CRM solutionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1223 Words   |  5 PagesCustomer relationship management (CRM) is an essential part of every modern business. At the beginning of 21st century, the customer power dramatically increased due to Internet and technology development. The objectives of CRM are to build profitable and long-term relationships with customers. CRM is a complete system that provides a 360-degree view of the customer. It is also a method that tends to capture the experience of the consumers, and gain their trust to remain loyal customers. It is also

Evolution And Evolution Of Evolution - 2356 Words

For centuries humans have been left wondering how they were made and where they came from. Many found hope in the name of god. They had no choice to believe that they were created by god, different cultures having their own beliefs and ideas. However, in the modern era there is a different ideology, people have started to think logically and science has come a long way. It is now believed that evolution has resulted in the changes on planet Earth and human kind was not just simply created by a ‘God’. What is evolution? What was Charles Darwin’s contribution to ideas about evolution? Biological evolution is the descent of organisms with modifications. Simply, the central idea of evolution is that all life forms which exist as of now or had†¦show more content†¦Gradualism o New species are not created suddenly, but gradually 5. Natural Selection o Change happens mainly through variation between individuals, therefore some modifications give the specific specie extra survival probability Darwin considered all these theories as part of one grand idea at the time, as he thought that they all occur together at the same time. How was it possible to prove all these theories? Well there have been a lot of evidence left over for scientists to observe. What are fossils? One of the most helpful forms of evidence are fossils. Fossils are the remains of past life which have been preserved in rocks, soil or amber over a long period of time. They are the remains of hard parts of organisms, mainly bones and shells. There are four types of fossils: FIgure 1: A tablet displaying Trace Fossils 1. Trace Fossils These fossils are the preserved evidence of an animals activity or certain behavior, rather than any actual remains of the organism. 2. Fossils with organic material preserved As animals are deceased and degraded over time, some remains can undergo a variety of changes during fossilization; therefore some organic matter can be preserved in the fossil. 3. Mineralized fossils Such fossils are formed when organic matter in remains is gradually replaced with different types of minerals, eventually converting them into remains such as ‘rocks’. 4. Impression

Wider Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities

Question: Describe about the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities? Answer: Knowledge about health from a social detriment of health prospective Social detriments of health are the economic and social conditions that influence the health conditions of the individual. The social detriment of health prospective focuses on the basic two social issues that affect the health conditions of the individual namely the shelter conditions and the workplace conditions. It is seen that inadequate housing is the major resultant for numerous diseases including respiratory disease, asthma, impacts on mental health and poor ventilation. With the increment in the population, level in the developed countries the scarcity for housing facilities are also increasing. Thus, majority of the population are not getting adequate and appropriate housing and are thus suffering from chronic stress, which produces negative health outcomes. Apart from rising population other factors like low income rate, lack of adequate space for house constructions are also the cause behind house deprivation for the majority of the population. The population below the pov erty line is deduced with health issues at an early stage since majority of this population lives in inadequate places or on the roads (Mikkonen and Raphael, 2010). Apart from the residual issues, the social detriment of health also focuses on the environmental factor that affects the health conditions of the individuals. Mental health is highly influenced by the appropriate environmental surroundings and infrastructures. It may be suggested that rapid urbanization has helped the cities develop in terms of infrastructures however; it has also led to situations of overcrowding, rise of pollution levels, lack of shelters, high risk of violence and reduction of environmental resources (Braveman et al. 2011). Causes of diseases Prior to the study, I thought that injuries, infections, germs and unhealthy lifestyle caused diseases. As per the scientific views, apart from the injuries and germs the deficiencies in the nutritious value of an individual also causes various chronic diseases. The other commonly accepted prospective is emotional injury (Solar and Irwin, 2007). An individual suffering from long emotional stress is likely to develop a negative mental situation and is prone to attract chronic diseases like heart disease, blood pressure and gastric problems. Hence keeping in mind the above as the sole causes of diseases earlier I focused on maintaining a nutritious diet, reduce my level of stress and keep myself in a cheerful mood, take precautions in form of medicines for germs, infections and injuries. However, the study on the social Detriments of health changed my focus and I understood that apart from these the major social causes determining the quality of health are namely Shelter, income levels, government policies and environmental infrastructures. Thus apart from taking medicines it is required to also focus on having standard living and working conditions in order to successfully increase the quality of health (Dunn and Dyck, 2000). Evaluation of health from different prospective In my early childhood days, I have heard from my parents that quality of health can be improved by making oneself resistant to health problems. Health is always related with the medicines and the preventive clauses that an individual should undertake. However, there is no mention of social problems like inadequacy of shelter, food insecurity, unemployment and high rates of poverty. These factors primarily affect the health and gives rise to the infections and diseases that require medicinal treatments. Media on the contrary has highlighted the scientific progress of medicines as a part of health and life quality. Although the media represents the progress graph of the medicines and science, however the reality and the social factors affecting the health quality are ignored in the media highlights (Toivanen, 2012). Discussion on four health frameworks The four major frameworks of health are namely Biomedical, health behaviors, socio- environmental and political economy framework. The biomedical framework of health focuses solely on the biological factors and avoids any influence of psychological, environmental and social factors. Majority of the health care professionals abide by the norms of the biomedical framework. Thus in adoption of this framework the biasness remains towards the biological background of the individual without any focus on the social factor that may also influence the quality of health of the individual (Raphael, 2010). The health behavior framework operates based on the health belief model. As per this model an individuals health, related behavior depends on four major factors namely the brutality of the probable illness, the individuals vulnerability to that illness, the benefits of taking a preventive action and the barriers in taking the action. However, this model is criticized for being highly rational since an individual affected with illness is not able think rationally (Dulin et al. 2006). Socio-environmental framework are based on the assessment of the quality of health of an individual based on the social determinants like income, shelter, workplace conditions, environmental infrastructure, governmental policies and food insecurities. This framework states that the mental condition and physical well being is the major reason for the development of chronic diseases. Political economy Framework stresses on the allocation of resources and income in order to maintain high quality of health within the country. The factors like class and living standards, ethnicity, nutrition and levels of education influence the quality of health of an individual. For instance, in the rural areas the lack of education leads to early marriage resulting in poor health conditions of women during pregnancy. Moreover, these factors are also the causes of high population and overcrowding in the semi urban and rural areas leading to the rise of social factors that hinders the quality of health (Bambra et al. 2009). Personal view on health My previous prospective on health depended on the biomedical framework of health and illness. Since my prospective concerned that the major causes of diseases are the biomedical history of the patient hence I was not focused on the social and political issues concerning the quality of health. However, the study has changed my view and currently my prospective of health quality are based on the social-environmental framework and the political Economy framework of health quality. Thus, I may conclude that all aspects equally effects the quality of health and well being of an individual. Reference list Bambra, C., Gibson, M., Amanda, S., Wright, K., Whitehead, M., and Petticrew, M. (2009). Tackling the wider social determinants of health and health inequalities: evidence from systematic reviews.Journal of Epidemiology and Community health, jech-2008. Braveman, P., Egerter, S., and Williams, D. R. (2011). The social determinants of health: coming of age.Annual review of public health,32, 381-398. Dulin, M. K., K. E. Olive, et al. (2006). "The financial value of services provided by a rural community health fair." J Health Care Poor Underserved 17(4): 821-829. Dunn, J. R., and Dyck, I. (2000). Social determinants of health in Canadas immigrant population: results from the National Population Health Survey.Social science medicine,51(11), 1573-1593. Mikkonen, J., and Raphael, D. (2010).Social determinants of health: The Canadian facts. York University, School of Health Policy and Management. Raphael, D. (2010). Health and illness. Black Point, NS: Fernwood Publishing. To be referred herein to as HI.) Solar, O., and Irwin, A. (2007). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Toivanen, S. (2012). Social determinants of stroke as related to stress at work among working women: a literature review.Stroke research and treatment,2012.

The Elusive American Dream in Cather and Fitzgerald Essay Example

The Elusive American Dream in Cather and Fitzgerald Essay The influence of Willa Cather’s work, A Lost Lady, on Fitzgerald’s masterpiece, The Great Gatsby, has been both declared by the author himself and recognized by the critics. The two novels are, first of all, bound by one common theme: the dissolution of the American Dream. The history of America itself is the main inspiration for both authors. Since the discovery of the continent, America struggled between two polar tendencies: unalloyed idealism and absolute pragmatism. These opposites are not merely ideologies reflected in the American culture, but actual realities blended in the destiny of the nation. Thus, on the one hand, the roots of the American culture are well fixed in Puritanism, the doctrine according to which the American virgin land offered the possibility for a new Garden of Eden, â€Å"the city upon the hill†, in John Winthrop’s phrase, that would set an example of virtue and beauty for the entire world. The first settlers abided by this ide alism, and ventured upon realizing the utopian American Dream. Soon though, the beginning of the industrialization era and then the advent of capitalism brought the contrary tendency towards materialism and consumerism.The Roaring Twenties, as the historical period to which the two writers belong is usually referred to, was a time of excess and extravagance, when the chase for money and material value flourished more than ever. The historical configuration of these two opposite tendencies is obvious in the two novels, which investigate precisely the moment when the world seems to have broken in two, or cracked-up as Fitzgerald put it. The depletion of the West is suggested by the titles of the two novels: Gatsby’s greatness alludes to the incommensurable American dream that slowly falls to pieces, whereas the â€Å"lost lady† in Willa Cather’s novel represents the corruption and loss of the dream through moral decadence. The novels do not hint simply at the poli tical and social transformations during the Roaring Twenties, but emphasize also the loss of aesthetic and moral values which are a symbol of humanity. Even if the texts are different in many respects, the influence of Cather upon Fitzgerald’s fictional world is tangible at a few points: the main theme, the construction of the characters, and the style of writing are similar. The novels share primarily in their nostalgic tone, which describes the fall of the Western world and which underlines the major theme. Thus, first of all, as it has been noted, the two authors describe the decline of the West, and the shift form idealism to a marked materialism. The same design is traceable in both texts: as it shall be seen, both novels are centered on the symbols of the American Dream. The ironical, dejected tone is identifiable in both texts. In Willa Cather’s A Lost Lady, this symbol is repeated in two characters: on the one hand, Marian Forrester is taken by Niel Herbert as the representation of the American dream. When he discovers her extramarital love affairs, his myth is destroyed and he realizes that in fact, it was Captain Daniel Forrester who actually incorporated his ideal. Thus, in Cather’s novel, the American dream undergoes corruption through Mrs. Forrester and dies through the Captain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Elusive American Dream in Cather and Fitzgerald specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Elusive American Dream in Cather and Fitzgerald specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Elusive American Dream in Cather and Fitzgerald specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Fitzgerald’s novel, the dream is almost entirely embodied in the mysterious and fascinating personality of Jay Gatsby. Thus, Fitzgerald points out that his intention in The Great Gatsby is not merely to convey the story of the elusive American dream, but also to draw a history of â€Å"all aspiration†, of the human dream in general: â€Å"The American story, Fitzgerald wrote late in life, ‘is the history of all aspiration—not just the American dream but the human dream. †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢The story that Fitzgerald told was his version of a dream hauntingly personal and national.†(Callahan, 378) As such, Gatsby represents not only the grandiose American dream, but also the human dream in general. The lavish parties he throws are perfect instances of the excesses typical of the twenties. Consumerism is reflected in Gatsby extravagant opulence: the expensive limousine that brings the guests, the jazz bands that play the music, the machine that is able to squeeze two hundred oranges in half an hour, Gatsby’s generosity when one of the guests tears her dress on a chair. At Gatsby’s parties, anyone can come without having been actually invited and sometimes without even getting to know the host: â€Å"There was music from my neighbors house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars.†(Fitzgerald, 25) This opulence paired by generosity is the perfect representation of the American dream, and stands in sharp contrast with the materialism symbolized by Tom Buchanan. John Henry Raleigh observed that the author dramatizes the opposition between materialism and idealism which is specific of the American culture: â€Å"America had produced an idealism so impalpable that it had lost touch with reality (Gatsby) and a materialism so heavy that it was inhuman (Tom Buchanan).†(Mizener, 101) Thus, the novel seems to be about the â€Å"game of belief and illusion†(Bloom, 138), in which Gatsby with his own invented reality persists in his perfect dream in spite of everything. For Gatsby, Daisy is the personification of the Holy Grail. The quest of the Grail, a remainder of the Arthurian narratives, emphasizes the mythical reality of the American dream. Hugh Kenner points out that the greatness of Gatsby alludes not only to the American dream, but also to the central theme of the b ook- the appearance made real: it is important, in short, that Gatsby shall be Great. It is important because the central myth of the Book has to do with Appearance made Real by sheer will: the oldest American theme of all(Bloom, 137) Although Gatsby’s past and the mysterious aura that envelops him are entirely his invention, he is still â€Å"great† simply because he appears to be so. Thus, the critics emphasized that Fitzgerald’s novel has much more to do with dreaming and illusion than with reality. For the author the supreme power is that of the language and of imagination, which are infinitely more important than factual evidence:   â€Å"the sovereign power of language and imagination is set over against the paltriness of evidence†(Bloom, 138). In this view, Gatsby is a true â€Å"hero of belief†, who seeks for the supreme truth of God: â€Å"Gatsby is the consummate hero of belief: his belief in Daisy, in the green light, is of such a mag nitude as to move worlds.†(Bloom, 139)   His pining for the green light far-off which comes from the place where his Daisy lives, is symbolic of the incorrigible idealism that believes in appearance rather than in fact: â€Å"[†¦] he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock.†(Fitzgerald, 8) The â€Å"material without being real† world is in fact what Fitzgerald attempts to deconstruct in his novel. Gatsby is the believer in the world of truth, which for him, as for the author himself is the real one: â€Å"He must have felt that he had lost the old warm world, paid too high a price for living too long with a single dream. He must have looked up at an unfamiliar sky through frightening leaves and shivered as he found what a grotesque thing a rose is and how raw the sunlight was upon the scarcely created grass. A new world, material without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dreams like air, drifted fortuitously about.† (Fitzgerald, 169) Gatsby even believes in the past he had forged for himself, or at least, acts as if it had really happened. As Nick ‘s voice announces, Gatsby seems to has sprung from his own Platonic conception of himself. He is â€Å"a son of God†, therefore someone engaged in a sacred and true mission, like the quest for the Grail: â€Å"His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm peoplehis imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all. The truth was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was a son of Goda phrase which, if it means anything, means just thatand he must be about His Fathers Business, the service of a vast, vulgar and meretricious beauty. So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end. (Fitzgerald, 99) As the comic episode in Gatsby’s library suggests, the host is actually inclined to â€Å"realism†, that is to a search of the truth that is more real than the artificiality in Tom and Daisy’s life. The gentleman in the library hilariously notes that the books that Gatsby hold are indeed real and not painted: â€Å"‘See!’ he cried triumphantly. ‘Its a bona fide piece of printed matter. It fooled me. This fellas a regular Belasco. Its a triumph. What thoroughness! What realism! Knew when to stop toodidnt cut the pages. But what do you want? What do you expect?’†(Fitzgerald, 28) Tom Buchanan, is constructed as a foil for Gatsby, the representative of the emerging capitalism and corruption. He is violent and materialist, and seems to be the conventional symbol of self-sufficiency and safety. The opposition between Gatsby’s and Tom’s world is marked symbolic by the setting of the novel: the two egg-shaped parts of the Island are called the West and the East Egg. Gatsby lives, of course on the West Egg, since he represents the decline of the Western ideal. Daisy is caught between these two opposite worlds, and her choice of Tom is symbolic for the choice that the generation made between idealism and materialism. The arrangement of characters in Fitzgerald’s novel and their construction seem to imitate that in Willa Cather’s A Lost Lady. Also, the writing style of Fitzgerald seems quite close to that of Cather. In The Great Gatsby as well as in A Lost Lady, we have the same bitter and sometimes ironic tone when looking at the world’s decline. Gatsby is in many ways based upon Captain Forrester, who has a significant reputation (although in his case it is also real, as opposed to that of Gatsby) among his fellow citizens. As it has been observed earlier, Mrs. Forrester also plays the role of the American dream, although she cannot sustain it eventually. She thus makes Daisy’s choice of materialism when she becomes Ellinger’s mistress, and renounces the Captain.   The Forresters live in a small town in Nebraska, called Sweet Water. First of all, Daniel Forrester’s style of life which resembles that of Gatsby points to the influence of Cather’s novel over Fitzgerald’s. Thus, the Captain is a â€Å"great man† (Cather, 12), just like Gatsby. Although, Gatsby’s past is his own invention, the same idea of historical importance is attached to both characters. Forrester is actually one of the settlers, the railroad constructor who helped building civilization in the wildness: a railroad man, a contractor, who had built hundreds of miles of road for the Burlington, over the sage brush and cattle country, and on up into the Black Hills (Cather, 10). The aristocratic harmonious parties given by Gatsby also seem to have been influenced by the ones that take place at the Forresters house. Gatsby’s generosity is paralleled by Forrester’s magnanimity. The Captain is actually ruined when he restores the depositor’s funds of a failing bank. As Bloom emphasizes, he appears as the believer in generosity and nobility, two essential qualities of the American Dream: â€Å"In at least one instance, as the only director of the failing bank to restore the depositors funds, Captain Forrester stubbornly clings to the ideals of generosity and nobility that were the real glory of the Western dream. His only guilt is his failure to follow his vision, and his self-recognition invites our compassion. Thus, as a frustrated pioneer living to see the result of his own weakness, he takes on an intensified pathos.†(Bloom, 71) As Webb emphasizes, Forrester’s philosophy takes dream away from the realm of imagination and introduces it into the world of action: â€Å"Forresters philosophy thus eliminates what seems essential about dreamingthat it happens in the mind, that it happens prior to the state of affairs that it envisions, and that it has some causal role in accomplishing that state of affairs. Dreaming in the way Forrester means is not a mental phenomenon at all.†(Webb, 543) Gatsby’s belief in the human dream and in the possibility of transforming every appearance into reality and real action is recognizable in Forrester’s almost identical creed: a thing that is dreamed of in the way I mean, is already an accomplished fact (Cather, 64). There is no substantial difference between fact and dream, and this is the exact expression of the American idealism of transforming dream into action. Just like Gatsby however, Forrester soon becomes the victim of his own dream. His decline begins when, after becoming broke, he has a stroke and then gradually sinks more and more: ’Once last winter he had been drinking with some old friends at the Antlers, nothing unusual, just as he always did, as a man must be able to do, but it was too much for him. When he came out to join me in the carriage,’ Marian Forrester said, ‘coming down that long walk, you know, he fell. There was no ice, he didnt slip. It was simply because he was unsteady. He had trouble getting up. I still shiver to think of it. To me, it was as if one of the mountains had fallen down.’† (Cather, 179) The greatness of Gatsby is mirrored by Mrs. Forrester’s expression about her husband: she compares him with a mountain falling crumbling down. Gatsby is also taken down while pursuing his dream Daisy. He is murdered by Wilson, Myrtle’s husband, who is convinced that it was him who killed his wife in the car accident. The actual culprit was actually Daisy herself, who had borrowed Gatsby’s car. As the author hints, Tom and Daisy were careful t o keep this secret through a conspiracy. Thus, Tom triumphs over Gatsby, just as Ivy Peters triumphs over Forrester: â€Å"[Ivy Peters] would drink up the mirage†. (Cather, 90) Peters’ name nickname as a child, â€Å"Poison Ivy† is symbolic, as it stresses the deadly effect of materialism and capitalism on society. Also, the grotesque act of violence performed by the little Ivy who maims a woodpecker and pulls out its eyes is restated in The Great Gatsby. Tom is also very brutal violently hits Myrtle at a party when she repeats Daisy’s name over and over. Thus, Gatsby is replaced by Tom, just like the Captain is by Ivy Peters. The Captain replaced the Indians when he settled in Sweet Water, but, he will be, as Cather herself hints, replaced in his turn by the capitalists: Something forbidden had come into his voice, the lonely, defiant note that is so often heard in the voices of old Indians (Cather, 45). Thus, it is plain that the opposition between Forrester and Ivy Peters is played again in Fitzgerald’s novel, through the antagonistic Gatsby and Tom Buchanan. Even from the beginning of the novel, Cather divides society into two classes: the homesteaders and the capitalists coming from the East: â€Å"There were then two distinct social strata in the prairie States; the homesteaders and hand-workers who were there to make a living, and the bankers and gentlemen ranchers who came from the Atlantic seaboard to invest money and to ‘develop our great West’ as they used to tell us.† (Cather, 3). This division is also present in The Great Gatsby, through the symbolic opposition between the East Egg an the West Egg. The Old West belongs, as Cather points out, to the unpractical dreamers, who will be removed by the capitalist and investors: â€Å"The Old West had been settled by dreamers, greathearted adventurers who were unpractical to the point of magnificence; a courteous brotherhood, strong in attack but weak in defense, who could conquer but could not bold. Now all the vast territory they had won was to be at the mercy of men like Ivy Peters, who had never dared anything, never risked anything.†(Cather, 89) The new generation, that of Tom Buchanan and Ivy Peters is the representative of the pettiness, opposed to the old greatness: â€Å"A generation of shrewd young men, trained to petty economies by hard times†(Cather, 8) Besides the parallels between the two pairs of characters, Gatsby and Forrester and Tom Buchanan and Ivy Peters, the novels also share in the construction of the female characters, Daisy and Mrs. Forrester. Both are beautiful, sophisticated aristocratic women, almost exotic and exercising a great attraction over the others. Although Daisy is not criticized very much by Nick in The Great Gatsby, her model, Mrs. Forrester, is the symbol of corruption in Cather’s novel. The disappointment that she causes to Niel is symbolic. She is the one who betrays first the American dream and takes company with the ones that represent immorality and corruption, like Ivy Peters. Her adultery is note merely an instance of immorality, but a betrayal of the aesthetic ideal: â€Å"It was not a moral scruple she had outraged, but an aesthetic ideal† (Cather 72) As Bloom shows, Mrs. Forrester is the one that actually drifts away from the ideal and adopts the opposite attitude: â€Å"Mrs. Forrester is genuinely tragic because she drifts away from the felicitous spirit of the pioneer and is absorbed into the new evil order promulgated by men like Ivy Peters. That she had violated ‘a moral scruple’ was a sin, to be sure. But in the opinion of her disillusioned champion Niel, she had added to this sin one of a much deeper gravity. She had outraged an esthetic idea in which resided the absolute values of beauty and moral good.†(Bloom, 99) Daisy too makes the same choice between the ideal, represented by Gatsby and the conventional stability offered by Tom, symbolizing materialism in general: â€Å"She wanted her life shaped now, immediatelyand the decision must be made by some forceof love, of money, of unquestionable practicalitythat was close at hand.†(Fitzgerald, 89) Mrs. Forrester also serves as a model for Daisy the character, not only for her as a symbol. Thus, Marian is extremely charming not through what she does or says, but through her entire attitude and the feeling she transmits:   The charm of her conversation was not so much in what she said, though she was often witty, but in the quick recognition of her eyes, in the living quality of her voice itself.† (Cather, 70) The musicality of her laughter and the whole resonant presence of Mrs. Forrester are very similar to those of Daisy: And never elsewhere had he heard anything like her inviting, musical laugh, that was like the distant measures of dance music, heard through opening and shutting doors (Cather, 41-42). Nick himself is fascinated by Daisy’s manner of speaking and murmuring: â€Å"This was untrue. I am not even faintly like a rose. She was only extemporizing but a stirring warmth flowed from her as if her heart was trying to come out to you concealed in one of those breathless, thrilling words.†(Fitzgerald, 10) Both Daisy and Mrs. Forrester benefit from the class privilege that allows them a certain freedom of action and a possibility to be immoral without suffering the consequences: â€Å"[†¦]with Adolph Blum her secrets were safe. His mind was feudal; the rich and fortunate were also the privileged. These warm-blooded, quick-breathing people took chances,followed impulses only dimly understandable to a boy who was wet and weather-chapped all the year. (Cather, 68) The two women are indeed charming, but at the same time, both seem artificial at some point, suggesting the shift from true idealism to mere superficiality and ornament: â€Å"For Daisy was young and her artificial world was redolent of orchids and pleasant, cheerful snobbery and orchestras which set the rhythm of the year, summing up the sadness and suggestiveness of life in new tunes.†(Fitzgerald, 78) It is also interesting to notice that while Daisy is Gatsby’s supreme ideal, Mrs. Forrester is Niel’s ideal. Both are eventually tainted by the materialism of the rising capitalist generation. The two narrators of the stories, Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby and Niel Herbert in A Lost Lady are both extremely subjective and personal in their accounts. Although Cather’s narrative is given in the third person singular, the subjectivity of the point of view is obvious. Niel’s disenchantment with the new world and his nostalgia for the past, represented in his mind by the old condition of Forresters summarizes the message of the novel. Likewise Nick, although even more subjective and impressionistic in his accounts, obviously endorses Gatsby’s ideal. Nick seems rather a spectator in many parts of the novel and renders his version of the events in a pictorial, photographic manner, always studying the effect that each objective event has on his inner world. However, it is plain that he is Gatsby’s most ardent admirer, although he does not expresses so. In the end of The Great Gatsby for instance, he identifies himself with his middle west, therefore with the ideal that Gatsby represents: â€Å"Thats my middle west[†¦] I am part of that, a little solemn with the feel of those long winters, a little complacent from growing up in the Carraway house in a city where dwellings are still called through decades by a familys name. I see now that this has been a story of the West, after allTom and Gatsby, Daisy and Jordan and I, were all Westerners, and perhaps we possessed some deficiency in common which made us subtly unadaptable to Eastern life.†(Fitzgerald, 177) Thus, as Seguin points out, Nick is certainly based on Cather’s Niel: â€Å"The Nick Carraway we know today only fully emerges after Fitzgerald reads A Lost Lady, where there is, if not a first-person narrator, at least a limited third-person narrator who closely follows the perspective of Niel Herbert and his ambivalent fascination with the charming Marian Forrester (a relationship echoed in The Great Gatsby).†(Seguin, 922) The main difference is that Niel chooses the wrong ideal to admire, that is, Marian Forrester who in the end terribly disappoints him and changes his vision of the world. As Seguin shows, Cather and Fitzgerald do not share only the common concerns about social structure, but also connect this theme with affect and love: â€Å"[†¦]both Cather and Fitzgerald are equally concerned with questions of class and social structure. In particular, it is Catherss use of affect as a means of charting social space and cultural change that Fitzgerald learned from but also altered for his own purposes: what is an aesthetic pedagogy is also, and at a certain level indistinguishably, an emotional pedagogy.†(Seguin, 922) The cultural change that takes place is thus connected for both authors with the interpersonal relations and the change in priorities for the individual. Both Nick and Niel perceive the sharp difference between the old and the new, between East and West. For Niel, in the beginning, Mrs. Forrester represents the absolute ideal, a different world from everything he knew: â€Å"He was proud now that at the first moment he had recognized her as belonging to a different world from any he had ever known†.(Cather, 33) When this ideal is shattered, he retains the doleful image of the bouquet of roses that he had smashed when he saw the corruption of Marian: He went down the hill touched and happy. As he passed over the bridge his spirits suddenly fell. Would that chilling doubt always lie in wait for him, down there in the mud, where he had thrown his roses one morning? (Cather, 100)Thus, the symbol of the ideal trampled in the mud is symbolic. Niel observes thus the general decay and the tendency towards disorganization and laxity of the moral and aesthetic values. As it can be noticed, Fitzgerald was indeed influenced to a great extent by Cather’s fiction in the construction of his characters, as well as in the articulation of the major themes. The style and the language of the novels also share common traits. For instance, the opposition between idealism and corruption is done through similar symbols, and the tone is equally nostalgic. Also, the authors emphasize the differences between the old and the new through the antagonism of the two social classes, representing the West and the East. One important contribution of The Great Gatsby is connected with the emphasis on the jazz music that was indeed specific of the age. The musical piece played at Gatsby’s party and entitled â€Å"The Jazz History of the World† is very significant as it points to the essence of modernist fiction in general, which is structured, like the piece around more themes or impressions, and does not have a single core. Thus, Fitzgerald’s novel is based on Cather’s A Lost Lady, and it develops the theme that his inspirational source had sketched: the American dream collapsed for ever during the Roaring Twenties. The civilization and the industrialization leave behind only a heap of ashes, as Fitzgerald suggests, menacing the human environment: â€Å"This is a valley of ashesa fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air.†(Fitzgerald, 23)   The smile of Gatsby that provided absolute understanding, confidence and belief is the perfect representation of the American Dream:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced—or seemed to facethe whole external wor ld for an instant, and then concentrated on YOU with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just so far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself[†¦]†(Fitzgerald)

Identifying a Pricing Objective Essay Example

Identifying a Pricing Objective Essay Example Identifying a Pricing Objective – Essay Example The paper "Identifying a Pricing Objective" is an outstanding example of an essay on marketing. Price is a primary element of product marketing and sales. Pricing objectives offer guidance to the decision makers in planning the pricing policies and setting the actual prices. It is therefore significant for the marketing manager to set a pricing objective before setting the price. In this regard, because of the low sales recorded by OatHealth, the pricing objective will be based on giving discounts to the customers and offering promotions. Therefore, the primary pricing objective will be offering one product discount for a customer who purchases two items. That is; a customer who buys two OatHealth products gets one free. This objective will be attained through the reduced cost of production attained through mass production. This bundle pricing strategy will allow the company to sell a set of their products for a lower price than it would be if the customer bought the products separat ely. This will increase sales and profits. Almost all consumer goods rely on their prices to woo customers. For instance, Fubu and Nike shoes rely on their prices. The two companies use both cost-based pricing and skimming pricing. They offer their products at high initial prices and slowly lower the prices to make their products readily available to a broader market. It is essential for pricing managers to consider the attributes, needs, and expectations of its target markets. Identifying the economic attributes of the customers allows the company to set prices for the customers. For instance, the affluent can be targeted using skimming pricing. It is in this regard that pricing management must go hand-in-hand with the identification of the correct target market.

How to Get a Job in Any Field By Humanizing Yourself

How to Get a Job in Any Field By Humanizing Yourself Sometimes the job hunt can feel like a numbers game: the average job search takes 43 days†¦92% of recruiters use social media†¦the average resume gets 6 seconds of attention. And our current obsession with data-driven decisions doesn’t stop there. We’re all walking, talking data points. But even though we’re up against numbers, don’t forget that there’s a human element to resumes: they’re written and read by humans (uh, after they make it through the automated keyword parsing systems, that is). And as such, there’s a huge mental game component to resumes: who’s reading this, and what will make them remember me? How can I present myself as a feeling, thinking, interesting person perfect for the job? Here is your guide on how to get a job by accomplish this.Pre-Game: Psych Yourself UpBefore you even write your resume, it’s important to get yourself into shape for this mental game. It sounds a little goofy, I know, but the more confident and winner-ish you feel going into the job search Olympics, the better you’ll feel about the whole thing. Now, you could start going to bed early and rising at 4:30 a.m. for sunrise jogs across town, but that kind of training isn’t necessary here (unless you’re applying for the actual Olympics). It’s more about adjusting your mindset and getting your plan in order so you can feel good about what you’re sending out.Set up the game.Thinking of your job search as a game is more than just a distraction- it can help you focus more on a successful outcome, believe it or not. It can be as easy as naming your goal, and setting personal rewards for making progress toward that goal (milestones). Maybe you give yourself bonus points along the way for doing well in an interview, or getting a call or email response for a resume you submit online.Think long game, not sudden death.Think of your job search as a long process, with every step and challenge along the way as progress toward an eventual win. If your goal is to find a job within 6 months, don’t get frustrated if your first few promising opportunities don’t pan out. Take it as an extended training exercise, where you get to practice honing your resume and interview skills.Concentrate on the present.You can’t control what happens in the future, and shouldn’t dwell on what happened before. There’s only the present and what you can do in it. So while you can reflect on the past to learn from it, and think about what your goals are in the future, it’s most important to concentrate on your present, and what you need to be doing right now to make sure you make progress.Remember that you have choices.Part of envisioning your job search as a mental game is remembering that as a player, you have options- plays to make, pieces to move. Nobody else is doing that for you. That puts all of the power in your hands to make this job search something that represents you, and your best abilities.It also helps if you feel stuck. If your career goal feels far away because you’re missing something (experience, the right network, etc.), what can you do to change that in the short term? There could be many ways to get to your goal, if you keep your thinking flexible. You can take a class to get more expertise. You could start trying to link up with movers and shakers on social media, or look for special networking events in your industry. Waiting around for things to happen to you is rarely a winning strategy.Game Time: Revamping Your ResumeIt’s time to play offense in the mental game, and that means working with your resume itself and prepping your application package. Here are 7 strategies you can use to try to reach the real person on the other end (recruiter, HR professional, hiring manager).Find a teammate.As you get started tailoring your resume for a particular job opening, try to network with so meone already at the company where you’re applying. Not in, like, a creepy and ingratiating way so you can drop their name in an interview, but in a â€Å"hey, I’m applying to your company’s marketing department and I’d love to have a chat about what it’s like to work there† way.You can also ask this person for feedback on your resume- e.g. does my resume match the company culture? It may not be a lifelong friendship, but if you find someone willing to be your networking buddy, it can give you good insight into what kind of people this place hires. And if this small request for a few minutes of insight opens the door to a word in the right ear or an introduction, then you definitely owe this person a beverage of their choosing to celebrate this new friendship.Quantity in addition to quality.If you have numbers to back up any point on your resume, use them! For example:Instead of: â€Å"Saved the company money by switching vendors†Try: â€Å"Coordinated a vendor change that saved 8% on office supplies in 2015.†Instead of: â€Å"Mentored new hires†Try: â€Å"Mentored 16-20 new hires per year.†Instead of: â€Å"Organized a fundraiser†Try: â€Å"Spearheaded an event that raised $12,000 from 250 participants†Don’t be afraid to be quirky†¦within reason.There’s not much leeway for jokes within your resume, because you want to present yourself as a genuine, serious candidate. But you can show some of your personality if you include your interests. This can catch the reader’s eye, and help them set you apart in their head as they sift through candidate resumes.For example, if your skills include being a world-class fly fisherperson, add it. If you won your company’s bake-off over 30 other people (true story!), list it along with any other awards. Little bits like this, used sparingly, can really sparkle in an otherwise straightforward resume- and again, you want to make yourself memorable to the person reading, kind of like a mnemonic device you set off in his or her head. â€Å"The pie guy- I liked him!† could get you to the next level.Don’t use fancy fonts or visual tricks.This one might run counter to the kinds of psychological trickery you might expect†¦after all, you want to stand out, right? Red Comic Sans might be the way to do that. Except it’s not. For one thing, your carefully chosen visual stunnery might be for naught if your resume translates through their system as plain text. Also, you run the real risk of an eye roll and being remembered for the wrong reasons. So you should try to stand out within the system, rather than showing what a rebel you are (design-wise).Follow the Rule of Seven.Jon Youshaei of Forbes recommends adapting the old â€Å"Rule of Seven† marketing policy, where your customer needs to hear your product name or message seven times before it really sinks in. You can use it here to create a kind of subliminal messaging. If you go to the company’s website and read it’s mission statement/About Us section, find buzzwords that are clearly important to the company, and use them (or variations on them) seven times in your resume. It should be done pretty subtly, though†¦you don’t want the reader to feel like he or she’s just reading the same thing over and over.For example, if the company puts a high priority on its status as an innovator, make sure to sprinkle in words like â€Å"changed,† â€Å"disrupted,† â€Å"modernized,† etc. throughout the resume. These kinds of keywords may or may not curry favor with the automated digital reader, but the human one will likely pick up on subtle connections to the company.Align yourself with bigger brands.Name-dropping can be insufferable (as George Clooney and mentioned to me the other day) in everyday conversation, but if you use some big names in your res ume, it can help increase the impressiveness factor. For example, if the last company you worked for won an award or had a major client, try to (artfully) insert that information. â€Å"Arranged sponsorship from Pepsi, Foxwoods, and Toys ‘R Us.†Emphasize what you want them to see.If you’re a little thin on experience but have a ton of skills, use a top-loaded skills-based resume. If you want to emphasize your work with notable companies, put the experience first. If the company has a reputation for hiring grads from schools with good basketball programs, put your UConn education front and center. There’s no single format for a resume- you find the one that works best with what you’re working with and how you want to say it.Whether you do see the job application process as a data exercise (collecting all your professional data) or more of a psychological give-and-take between you and The System, you want to put in as much work as possible to get to y our goal. And either way, you’ll want to have your end zone dance ready for when you win the game, job offer in hand.

Appointment of Supreme Court Judges Literature review

Appointment of Supreme Court Judges - Literature review Example Of course, the qualification, experience, and decision-making capabilities are also analyzed and form an integral part of the appointment process. Almost everyone would maintain that the appointment of Supreme Court Judges should not be made using the above criteria as this violates the principles of independence. A Supreme Court is the highest judicial bench in the country and as such, the decisions should be taken on merit; without prejudice to any person, belief, or religion; and after careful analysis of all evidence. However, if the appointments are made based on personal preferences, the decisions may be skewed towards the state and according to the desires of the President's office. This creates the controversy that the Supreme Court is not as independent as one would like it to be. '''The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made,'' Dwight D. Eisenhower said of his appointment of Chief Justice Earl Warren, who discomfited him with the Brown v. Board of Education ruling ordering desegregation of public schools, and other liberal opinions. Harry S. Truman was even more scathing about Justice Tom C. Clark, a Truman appointee who voted  Ã‚  against his 1952 seizure of the steel industry to avert a strike.’ (Purdum 2005).

Counseling paper on short term premarital relationships (why do they Research

Counseling on short term premarital relationships (why do they succeed or fail) - Research Paper Example Keywords: short term premarital relationships Short Term Premarital Relationships As long as time has existed so has existed the idea of marriage and matrimony; the harmonious existence of two people living with each other and spending the rest of their lives together. A couple is supposed to signify emotions of trust, loyalty as well as affection and love towards each other. According to ancient traditions all around the world, in various cultures and countries, marriages are very sacred and are considered to be a blessing from heaven. The union of two people along with their families and friends is considered to be a gift from above for the purpose of sharing love and mutual understanding. However, if one looks into the past, one can easily see that love developed among people without being given a chance; love is not an emotion that waits to happen, it just happens between people and then they need to explore it and find out whether or not the two chosen ones are good enough for e ach other. (Mueller, W) The problem was that in olden times, people were not given the opportunity to try and test out methods and carry out such experiments of short term relationships in order to scrutinize and understand a second person. Such a relationship was looked upon as a taboo. Divorce rates and break ups were not high at the time because of fear of being frowned upon by society. People were under pressure to be with people whom they did not want to spend the rest of their lives with as well. That is why, as more and more people began to look upon this emotion as a burden, thoughts began to become more open and people understood the need for giving time to get to know a person before jumping into an eternal bond with them in the form of marriage. In today’s world nonetheless, the concept of being with someone has changed quite a bit. Falling in love is a very easy aspect of people’s lives because of the kind of openness and broad mindedness that people have l earnt to associate themselves with in the modern day and age. Being in a relationship with someone can range from being a long term to a short term process, depending on the understanding that two people are able to create for each other. It also depends on how well a person is able to adjust and absorb himself into the other’s space. Thus, the best way to understand another person is to find out his or her character and comprehend their personality in order to be able to fit into their lives. This can only be done if time is spent trying to understand someone and getting to know their likes and dislikes. For the most part therefore, couples today have begun to seek a premarital relationship which acts as a rehearsal for the main long term relationship. This involves living together as husband and wife but also knowing that in the eyes of law and on paper, they are still not bound to each other by holy matrimony. (Stahmann, R. F) Short term premarital relationships refer to l ive in relationship between people which last for a short period. Many people who get into such relationships are afraid of an everlasting commitment and thus are in it for a short time period. Being in such a relationship has both its pros as well as its cons, which have been further discussed within the purview of this

Government Functions Essay Example for Free

Government Functions Essay In the economic system of any country, the government is the authority governing the day to day transactions and dealings between individuals whether private or public. Other functions are enforcement of rules and regulations, overseeing the making and execution of contracts and setting of standards to be followed. To do this, resources are required hence collection of taxes. The functions aside, the government itself owns firms within the economy hence a player. The role played by the state/government has been under close support and criticism simultaneously. In some countries, the government’s role is welcome whilst in others it detested. The main object of government in both scenarios though is the allocation of scarce resources and creating an environment suitable for such resources to be exploited. This is achieved through ensuring that law and order is maintained. External costs incurred by businesses that are not factored in the business transactions are also taken into account by the government. This is in order to protect them from exploitation which may otherwise lead to bankruptcy and collapse. The government’s role shouldn’t be solely that of creation of a good environment for business via maintenance of law and order. Rather, it should go beyond this by being a key player in the economy. Law and order though facilitates stability as well as reduces corruption hence encouraging investment. Using the opportunity cost principle, the uses to which scarce resources can be put are many and the real costs are those which are forgone. These are incurred in cases where corruption is existent. Examples of such costs according to Sowell include delay in performance of certain economic activities given an unviable corrupt economic environment this results to non-development of basic infrastructure that would have been used to carry out the economic activity. In turn, planned investments do not occur hence existing output levels are not increased due to lack of expansion. The final results are normally unemployment accompanied by brain drain as the environment is similarly not viable to work in. Simply put, higher corruption levels are accompanied by low economic growths and low per capita incomes. Other effects of corruption are discrimination in the employment sector and profiling of workers. Contributing to slow economic growth are also long bureaucratic processes. All these contribute to driving away investors. Corruption doesn’t necessarily come in the form of direct bribes. It may also be in the form of nepotism and tribalism which is currently prevalent in most countries. The law being a set of rules and principles that are used in the day to day running of a country ought to have the following characteristics;- reliability; uniformity in application i. e. they must portray a sense of fairness and equality; rigidity i. e. they should not change from time to time. Rigidity brings about stability. Countries with laws that have these characteristics are prone to boost investor confidence as well as encouraging skilled labor to immigrate into the country in search of job opportunities. Such skilled labor may not have been available locally. This set of rules and principles should be impartial but discriminatory at the same time. The discriminatory aspect of some laws has at times proven to boost economic growth. However the statement holds only when the discriminating facet is known by the parties involved well in advance. If the discriminating nature of the law is known, the economic environment will be more stable as compared to where the justice system is discriminatory in interpretation and application of the law. The law may be discriminatory on the basis of aspects such as religion and race. However, if the economy grows, the growth will be felt across the board and not just by those for whom the law discriminates. Even though some laws have discriminatory aspects, they should not in any way allow for the exploitation of one by another nor allow for the interference of one’s activities by another with malicious intentions. A country’s economy is majorly dependent on the existence of a government. Nonetheless, this dependability also takes into consideration the government’s effectiveness in law enforcement. Geographically, some regions within the same country will have laws being more enforced than others. However, extra costs incurred by businesses in ensuring that goods and services reach the consumers are always transferred to the same consumers. This reduces demand due to high prices. Property Rights On property rights, focus should be placed not just on the owners of such but more so on the general effect the existence and exercise of such rights has on the economy. The exercise of property rights may result to economic effects which impact negatively on the populace as there maybe no single individual to blame. As a result, property rights should be closely monitored but even more emphasis ought to be placed on automatic self-monitoring by individuals as a solution. The mere fact that the property rights do exist creates a sense of self-monitoring on the individual which is more effective and less costly as compared to government monitoring. This self-productivity results to increased productivity and lower commodity prices as there is less wastage. However, negligence may also result on the part of the property owners and class stratification. However, given that property rights do have a greater economic efficiency, the general population will have higher living standards when the economic growth that results trickles down. However, restrictions such as setting of minimum standards and creation of Boards to oversee the use of certain property should be put in place. These will help prevent exploitation. Stringent laws need also be put into place by governments and respective authorities. In creation and application of restrictions to property rights, one has to have in mind that property rights do have intentions and effects. Economic incentives by the government do play a big role and such rights need to be looked at from the economic angle i. e. the incentives that are brought about by them. One should also ask what the effects of changing them or completely doing without them are. Social order is a function of existence of laws, government institutions to ensure the maintenance of law and order and acknowledgement of such by the citizens. The degree of social order differs from one country to another as well as from one individual to another. It is the existence or inexistence of a social order and its level that determines how business dealings are conducted between individuals. Social order should be upheld in all aspects of government. This may in turn extend to the rest of the community hence doing away with corruption thus bringing down transaction costs. If the social order is inexistent or at a low level, enterprises tend to be small scale. This translates to lower production and by the economies of scale, the end user experiences higher prices. A good social order thus attracts investment. The government can boost this by encouraging honesty within its administration, indirectly supporting or detesting cultures that are pro-honesty. The same can also be achieved via school curricula. Another factor that can either undermine or develop the social order are the nature of a country’s law. However, the market has a way of creating its own social order. External costs and benefits do exist in business and they occur outside the parties that are part to an actual transaction. These are however not accounted for in the market place and it is for this reason that the government has to come in to make decisions regarding external costs and benefits via legislation and regulations. Some benefits are indivisible. They are either a whole or nothing at all. To decide any aspect about them is thus better left to government. External costs on their part are felt either directly or indirectly by individuals. The individuals thus decide basing on how the external costs impact them and their activities. In countries with popularly elected governments, most of the decisions made by are not put into much economic consideration. Focus is actually mainly placed on making the people happy and not necessarily on economic improvement. Most of such decisions are political and not economically beneficial to the country. CHAPTER 18: GOVERNMENT FINANCE Like any other enterprise whether profit making or non-profit making, resources are needed to enable a business e a continuing venture. On the part of the government, its spending aspect if a factor of revenue collection. Revenue is raised via tax collection. How this tax is collected greatly affects how much will in effect be collected as it impacts on the citizen’s view on taxation policies. Any change in taxation policy by the government will automatically result in behavioral change by the tax payer in terms of expenditure and savings. This change is however in no scale predictable and may go at length to affect the performance of the economy at large. No rule can be said to be applied by government to predict this change. The net tax paid by an individual is a factor of the number of taxes that are applicable on a said person and their position economically. Value Added Tax (VAT) takes a bigger share from the poor than it does from the rich as spending on consumer goods makes up a greater percentage of the poor person’s budget whilst saving or re-investment makes up a greater percentage of the rich’s budget. However, tax paid by individuals is a mixture of both regressive and progressive taxes. However, the official legal indicator of incidence of tax does not necessarily show who bears the incidence of tax. Before a government makes decisions on whether or not to increase a particular tax, factors to be considered are how the tax is collected. This determines whether the tax is being felt by the individual or not. Increasing or decreasing the tax may thus not necessarily result to behavioral change by the consumer. One way through which government raises income is through sale of bonds. It is this level of sale of government bonds that determines the national debt. The impact the national debt will have on the economy is a dependent on what percentage it is of the country’s GDP. However, both GDP and national debt increase over time as a result of increased population size. The vice versa is also true. Sale of bonds is considered a future investment by the government and who bears the cost of the national debt is worth considering i. e. whether it is the government or the tax payer. To the government, accrued interest over time is one cost. This interest may affect investor confidence both in the short and long term. As bonds are sold and re-sold over time, their interest rate has to be increased lest they lose their value. This however lowers investor confidence in the long run. The rise in government interest rates may bring about a ripple effect increase on other interest rates as investors look for money with which to purchase the bonds. Influence of government may however make product prices independent of their costs despite the above ripple effect they may have at the same time. In an economy, there always are unmet needs which the government must satisfy. However resource distribution by government takes into account not the maximization of their use but rather merely re-distribution. It is this that explains why government may undertake projects that are not economically profitable or necessary as well as why some public utilities are offered at prices which are way below their actual market value or at no value at all. Spending by the government is mainly a factor of whether or not there is the need to spend whilst the principles behind such spending are outlined by the law. Through its expenditure, the government is able to influence the economy’s net purchasing power. Increased government spending implies more money will be in the economy thus leaving more at the hands of households for spending on other commodities other than those for which the government has already paid for. Costs as a result of government spending can either be to the government or the economy. It should be clear who is bearing the cost and the nature of the cost. As utility varies from individual to individual, the desire to purchase due to price disparity can thus be controlled via price controls or subsidies. The latter have however proven more fruitful than the former since subsidies transfer the total cost of an item to the entire population rather than letting a single individual to incur it. Here the cost is thus on the economy, not the government. From this, one can deduce that government finance comes in to bring a solution to the price-utility problem by creating an even bigger problem or rather shifting the cost from the government to the economy. The pattern of government expenditure is majorly a political function. Projects that prove politically building are more likely to be undertaken. Any government has got its obligations and current and future expenditure make up the government’s obligations regarding expenditure. Future obligations may seem not that costly until it reaches a point where they must be incurred. Their costs are accounted for but not incurred until the need arises. Incentives can be either political or economical. Incentives such as government pensions are majorly dependent on the size of the working and the retired population. A good balance enables pension payment. On the private side however, payment of insurance benefits is dependent on the currently existing subscribers to the insurance. CHAPTER 20: INTERNATIONAL TRADE Some have argued that in international trade, while one country gains, another loses. But both parties should be gaining in a way otherwise there wouldn’t be a reason to trade. A country may gain via for example economic growth. This has been the general effect of international trade. However, terms used in international trade such as trade deficit and surplus do not necessarily reflect a country’s economic wellness. To determine this, one has to look past the figures involved in international trade. A country may have quite a number of reasons why it should or should not engage itself in international trade. Reasons for however outweigh those against. Those for include absolute advantage, comparative advantage and economies of scale. In terms of absolute advantage, one country can produce particular commodities at prices cheaper than those of another or products of a higher quality. This may encourage it to pursue international trade. As for comparative advantage, the opportunity cost of one country A to produce a certain commodity at the expense of another is much lower than that of country B. Comparative advantage is thus all about efficiency of one country as compared to another. The costs forgone in producing a product should be lower and income generated from the production line opted for ought to be higher hence making them economically viable. The returns should also be in surplus enough for the country to purchase the commodity it forgo to produce. In terms of economies of scale, some ventures are viable only if there is enough market to consume the output. Such markets can be created through exports of commodities hence maximizing advantages brought about due to economies of scale or large scale production. Apart from enabling countries to achieve economies of scale, international trade also facilitates countries to fully utilize their comparative and absolute advantages. However, economies of scale have also resulted in the downfall of some infant industries where protectionist policies are inexistent. In as much as many countries may engage in international trade, some succeed whilst others do not. Reasons for the downfall of others may be the restrictions that exist in International Trade. These include emphasis that has been placed on efficiency of the production process. Another effect of such restrictions are collapse of domestic industries where protectionism does not exist. However international trade itself brings about government interference with trade due to policies such as protectionism while it may result to creation of monopolistic markets and unfair competition finally. Arguments for International Trade restrictions Different arguments have been put forward for international trade to have restrictions. The high wage fallacy argues that commodities produced by highly paid workers cannot compete with those produced by low paid ones. This does not hold since the argument does not distinguish between wage rates and labor costs and between labor costs and total costs. Wage rates may therefore be higher yet the total costs are lower due to economies of scale hence higher profits. Restrictions may also exist so as to save jobs domestically. However, just as free trade results to growth in the economies of all countries engaged simultaneously so do trade restrictions result to reduced economic growth or even reversed economic growth. Restricting trade thus does not result in increased employment. Rather, there will be less spending in the economy. The infant industry argument posits that local developing industries ought to be given time to grow to a level at which they can compete with other industries. However, survival of an industry is not a factor of its growth in terms of production and sales. Political muscle plays a key role in determining the fate of an industry. The National defense argument tries to explain why countries opt to have suppliers of things that are essential for their own national survival lest the external supplier turn enemy. Examples of such commodities are ammunition. Last on the list of reasons for protectionism is the dumping argument which is however restricted given the uncertainties of determining production costs. Here economies of scale may come into play and a supplier selling his/her commodities at lower prices abroad may actually be mistaken for dumping. These restrictions to trade may come in the form of tariffs which are taxes on imports and aim to raise their prices. The restrictions may also be in the form of import quotas which bring about uneven competition beside achieving the same objective of raising import prices. CHAPTER 21: INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS OF WEALTH International wealth transfers may take the forms of either direct or indirect foreign investments or remittances from citizens whose domicile is abroad. Rich countries always tend to invest in fellow rich counties due to fear of not getting a return on their investment if done in a poor country. Political and economic stability, corruption levels, level of honesty amongst the country’s populace as well as movement of capital within a said country’s economy are factors affecting the decision of whether to or not to invest. International trade takes into account only goods exchanged between countries leaving behind service output. It is for this that International trade has to be at a balance despite the fact that measures used in international trade may not be true reflectors of the trade. An economy that has concentrated in service production rather than goods will tend to export more services and import more commodities. The decision of whether a trade deficit is harmful or not is best done by comparing the deficit with the performance of the whole economy. As a result, the Balance of Payment measure is a better reflector of international trade than the Balance of Payments. Economic transactions are not zero-sum activities where only the buyer and the seller gain, rather it is a wealth creator to both the parties directly involved and to the â€Å"spectators. † Immigration and emigration which are key factors in international trade result to knowledge transfer, new ideas and businesses being created, job creation amongst others. However, on the dark side of the same are diseases, brain drain, increase in crime, collapsing economies and terrorism. Imperialism which implies the domination and exploitation of one country by another is also a means of wealth transfer. However, international investments have been argued to be equal to imperial looting as the subject country loses more than it gains. This explains the class strata of first, second and third world countries. Ceteris paribus, imperialism is more of a moral than an economic argument. Foreign aid, which entails wealth transfer from richer to poorer countries or from one government to another, may or may not be used for intended purposes. The use of foreign aid in government investments has more often than not resulted to mismanagement due to corruption. Some foreign aid comes with strings attached in the form of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs). Such aid has proven to deter rather than encourage development. World over, the inexistence of a body to oversee the giving of aid to poorer countries has resulted to exploitation of the recipient. Aid may be in the form of cash grants or goods and services to the recipient country. However, the under-utilization of most of the resources in the recipient country is what leads it to have a need for foreign aid. CHAPTER 23: MYTHS ABOUT MARKETS The name â€Å"market† in itself is a myth as a market is viewed as a thing rather than the people in the market themselves who are engaging in business activity. This has led to rigidity of the market. In a market, variation of prices from one seller to another is always notable. This, economists would say defy the laws of supply and demand but in actual sense they do not. Rather, supply and demand should be looked at from the point of view of different consumers. Each consumer will have a different of demand and supply curve intersections due to utility. Prices in the market ought to be ‘affordable’ and ‘reasonable’ is a notion that is not realistic. It implies that prices should be independent of the market forces of demand and supply as well as production cost but should instead favor the purchasing power of the consumer. The third myth about markets is that some firms may tend to sell their products at below normal prices so as to drive away competition. This myth has not been proven though hence is not that realistic. Fourth is the issue of branding. Despite its advantages of making suppliers and manufacturers to emphasize on quality, the products being sold are more or less the same. What will actually be different is the pricing products or services with brand names that are widely known will definitely cost or charge more. A business, no matter how small is linked to the economy as a whole. Te role different enterprises play in the economy is a factor of whether they are classified as profit and loss or as non-profit making enterprises. However, there exist differences between the two in that profit and loss organizations will always tend to emphasize on quality in order to maximize profits whilst in non-profit making organizations, the customers themselves will not be in a position to emphasize on quality since they are already paying far less than the true value of the commodity or service they are getting. It is the nature of the organization that finally determines what name will be given to the extra amounts remaining after costs as well as how it will be used. In some its called profit whilst in others it is revenue. The ‘Trickle down theory|; is more of a political than an economic theory. The theory posits that those opposed to equality in resource distribution tend to believe that resources should be bestowed on the rich so that it may in effect trickle down to the rest of the populace. The theory is a myth since economically one has to spend first so as to make an income. This spending comes in the form of say purchase of goods and services for sale as well as payments made for their delivery. The economic reality is thus exactly the opposite of the ‘Trickle Down effect. † CHAPTER 24: NON-ECONOMIC VALUES Economics is not a value in itself. Rather it compares values. The market on its part is a reflector of the people’s attitudes and actions as well as beliefs. The issue of the market with respect to moral and social values arises when the market is looked at from the angle of the impact it has on such issues. The society’s moral standards will determine how transactions are conducted in the market. Non-economic values in the market tend to introduce morality into business by defining words such as greed alongside maximization of profit for example and others. These non-economic values however put aside economic concepts like the laws of demand and supply that are used in price determination. These non-economic values are also one-sided since they tend to lean on the consumer’s side mostly whilst forgoing the seller’s side. However, greed cannot be termed to be a product of any particular economic system. Rather it is an intricate trait in all humans and which all have to cope with. The difference however comes with regard to how this greed manifests itself in the different economic systems and how it is controlled. The term greed is however neither adequate or fair in explaining the desire of the seller to make as much profit as possible out of the buyer nor the wish of the buyer to purchase the product with the highest quality at the lowest price. Greed is thus a two way concept which only looks at who is on the gaining end. Exploitation is another term that crops up whenever non-market values are mentioned. It can simply be said to be that which is beyond the acceptable as per the society’s moral standards. Exploitation is thus based on emotion and not the facts existing on the real world. The disparity between greed and exploitation comes in that whilst the former occurs in almost all types of economic systems, exploitation mostly occurs in monopolistic markets where no free competition exists and the buyer has no wide choice of commodities given the factor of the sole supplier. To regulate the above, the government may put in place regulations such as trade barriers, tariffs and quotas as well as value added tax or corporate taxes. Taxation by the government may however be considered as both greed and exploitation. Greed since even the poorest of persons in the economy pays taxes whether in the form of VAT or income tax and exploitation as the government enjoys a monopoly of taxing the people yet one may argue that the quality of services is not guaranteed. The market however takes into consideration many factors before pricing decisions are made. At times the employer for instance may be at the receiving end when the employee has a greater bargaining power or where the demand for services he/she can render is higher than what the market can supply. Here, both greed and exploitation come into play. In as much as governments try to control or maintain at a low the levels of exploitation and greed, the measures put in place might actually serve to make even worse the life of the consumers in cases where exploitation and greed did not exist before. The principle of fairness when looked at from the non-market values point of view carries with it two assumptions. First is that all individuals are playing by the same rules and secondly that all players have the same potential. However, these two may not hold as different individuals have different desires, priorities and thus derive different levels of utility from the same activity, commodity or service. Fairness doe not have a specific definition hence it is majorly those in power who are left to define what is and what is not fair. However, vested interests may underlie the making of such decision. Some groups may also be completely ignored in deciding what fairness is. Economics being majorly concerned with the distribution of resources and values tends to critic â€Å"unmet needs† of the society. Here, the decision of whether a government should carry out a project or not is a function of what has to be sacrificed in order to satisfy the unmet need. However, the existence or identification of an unmet need is not a justification of it to be met. CHAPTER 25: PARTING THOUGHTS The economic concepts and principles cannot all be listed given the imaginative nature of the human mind. However, in as much as new concepts and principles are being developed whilst older ones continue to be refined and refuted, the bottom line should be that they all ought to divorce from emotions which vary from human being to human being. Rather there ought to be basic concepts and principles that are followed by both new and old economic ideas. The above fallacies ought to carry precision in the use of words as well as clarity in order to ensure their true or intended ideology is achieved. A common feature of most economic fallacies is that they focus on the initial consequences of particular policies and not the long term effects of the same. Confusion thus results as focus is placed not on the benefits or effects of policies but rather on the objectives of such policies. The importance of economic principles supersedes their use in only economic factors. If keenly looked at, most things do have economic aspects in which economic principles ca be applied. Instead of focusing on the objectives of goals, of main concern should be the activities that will be pursued t achieve such goals, what the particular legislation or goal encourages and discourages, the regulations that will follow the attainment of the goal, the long term effects of activities aimed towards attaining the goal. Last but not least, we ought to look at similar goals that were attained in the past and the impact they had. In as much as economics carries many fallacies, a distinction should be made between what is practical and what is indeed a fallacy.

A Comparison of The Aeneid and Metamorphoses :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of The Aeneid and Metamorphoses      Ã‚   Both Vergil and Ovid imbedded underlying meanings in their epics The Aeneid and Metamorphoses.   In this paper I will focus on the underlying meaning in the Underworld scene in Vergil's The Aeneid (lines 356 through 1199).   I will also focus on three scenes in Ovid's Metamorphoses.   Both epics contain a larger message about the importance of the Roman past for its present and future under Augustus.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of Aeneas in the Underworld can be interpreted as a brilliant rendition of the story of Rome's past, present, and future.   When Aeneas descends into the Underworld, he is escorted by the Sibyl (lines 347 - 349). This gives the readers a clue that what is to happen in the upcoming text is a foretelling of Roman future because the Sibyl was a prophetess (Course Packet, p16).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Aeneas enters the Underworld, he sees numerous horrible sights: Grief, Disease, Old Age, Fear, Hunger, and several others. (Lines 356 - 379)   These unsettling and dark words bring difficult images to the reader's mind.   These lines foretell that there will be difficulties while Rome is in its infancy through phrases like "lonely night" and "phantom kingdom".   Rome did indeed have difficulties in its infancy; in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE it was ruled by Etruscan kings and was only "... a little hill town." (Short Histories, p20)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lines 390 through 549 in The Aeneid deal with the crossing of the River Styx.   This represents a great transition period in Rome.   It symbolizes the founding of the Republic.   The multitude of rushing and swarming people (Line 402) represents those that suffered the "internal turmoil" in the early stages of the Republic.   (Short Histories, p21)   When Aeneas mentions, "... and by what rule must some keep off the bank ..." (Lines 419 - 421) he may symbolically be referring to the "Struggle of the Orders" that the early Republic experienced. (Short Histories, p22)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Aeneas wanders through the Underworld, he notices Dido wandering about.   (Lines 593 - 626)   He tries to talk to her, but his words serve no purpose; she flees from him.   He then sees the souls of those who died in battle.

Customize Mobile Services (CMS) †Creating and Personalizing your Plans

In a world where technology plays a vital role, mobile phone becomes not just a luxury but more of a necessity. More than calls and messages, we are about thoughts, feelings, ideas in all shapes and sizes, more than just building your business we are about creating your future. Our goal is to transform and enrich lives through communications by way of our dream of making great things possible. The idea of choosing the best plans that will suit to your needs and budget is as easy as snap of a finger. (1) What are the types of services that you offer? CMS offers services but we sell solutions. We are a solution provider. You can either choose between business package and consumer plans. To give you an example, for business plan we have Executive Post Paid, allows you to run the business wherever you maybe. On top of the unlimited calls, you will be equipped with the services such as free text messaging, unlimited internet surfing and downloads that will make your business on the go. For consumer, we will let you decide on the bucket of minutes that you think you consume on monthly basis. From lowest to highest to unlimited calling and sending messages, you can customize it. (2) Is there any add ons? Yes, personalize your mobile phone. Put anything you need on it. Sending pictures, surfing the net, money transfer, voice command, online chatting, long distance call and down load games and ring tones. (3) What if I want to cancel my add ons, is that possible? How can I do that? We have a test drive period of 30 days, for you to be able to check and know the services that will be beneficial for you. If you don’t need, cancel it. (4) Is there a contract? We are looking forward in building a harmonious relationship with our subscribers, thus, we do not bind you to any terms however we guarantee a long time commitment in all we do. There will be no contract and no obligations however if there is one thing we are capable of giving, it is the quality of having us as your provider. (5) Another providers allow me to exceed my limit, I sometimes do not control myself in using my phone, is there any way you can help me with that? Positively yes, aside from the fact that you can choose your own plans, you will also receive a weekly reminder through SMS the current status of your plan, our operator will call you if you are near in exceeding your limits in this way you will be able to know where you stand and you have the option to stop all the services and have it resume on your next billing cycle to avoid paying extra charges. (6) I am a businessman and I don’t have time to fall in line just to pay my bills, what are my means to pay it? You can either pay through your credit card online or you can call our toll free number to enroll you in automatic billing debited. (7) What's in it for me? CMS gives you the worth of your money, we let you get connected to your family members, friends and loved one's without getting over charged. We provide nothing but the best when it comes to mobile technology. Being hip, trendy and in fashion doesn’t always mean costing too much. In fact CMS (Customize Mobile Services) delivers in to you in a complete package wrap in an amazing OPTIONS and CHOICES.

John Dewey’s Education Essay

The future of our civilization depends upon the widening spread and deepening hold of the scientific habit of mind. ~John Dewey Science as Subject-Matter and as Method The salient and noteworthy features that highlight the significance of educational significance from 1880 through 1920 in regards to progressive education and pragmatism can best be described as engaging not only the students in an era of academic discipline but also on the levels of teachers and administrators. The lesson of cooperation is one that is a shared in each academic approach; progressive and pragmatism thus the development of education at the turn of America’s twentieth century entailed a refreshed focus on the individual student. The following paper will analyze the commonalities and differences of progressive education and pragmatism and how progressive education has many ties with other philosophies such as humanism and liberalism. Thus, the two main but subtle theorists who will be discussed in this paper are Dewey and Plato. Although structure of Dewey’s belief of progressive education over pragmatic education is different from Plato’s pragmatism and humanism the paper will seek to show how these philosophies are shared in education but how progressive education is needed in order for the student to learn how to adapt to certain situations as well as to find their own route of learning. Education at the turn of the twentieth century must be approached through the achievement of common goals; not through students’ learning alone, but by teachers and administrators. As such, typical classroom schematics that have in that past previous to the concepts of progressive education pointed towards competition, and independent work ethic must be overruled by the more efficient cooperative small group learning dynamic which is one definition of pragmatism. Pragmatism is similar to the concept and theories involved with child psychology prevalent today. The student then with regards to pragmatism is viewed as learning by their own set of standards and by relating current progress to past mistakes. Thus, in the discipline of pragmatism, a student is judged and allowed to learn at their own pace. While other disciplines heightened learning through an array of tests and were exclusively subject oriented, pragmatism guided the student at the early turn of the twentieth century through a varied education in several genres which would ultimately be considered a type of social studies education; combining subject matter into a common arena of education. Schools that have focused on working to deprive others through competitive classroom activities initiate a win/lose strategy that only heightens the disappointment in the kids that lose instead of pointing towards the positive aspects of learning new materials that kids should be excited to learn which was the interest of other schools of thought instead of the curriculum evolution presented by pragmatism. Although pragmatism did present new ideas about citizenship, social conduct, and evolution into the classroom, there was still hesitation on the part of the American about its utilization in the classroom. Progressive education teaches that every child learns differently and must be treated as an individual, and it is through pragmatism that the individual is taught in a scientific fashion to explore their surroundings. No child learns in the same manner and thus, progressive education was essential in the split from America’s past that education was singular in nature and disconnected. Cooperation, however, is the key by which a progressive education was being presented and it is truly through cooperation that progressive education takes it role. It is thus through the individual observation of the world that pragmatism was developed in an educational way. Learning goals in regards to pragmatism can only be realized if consensus is constantly challenged. That is what is meant by ‘Do not block the way of inquiry’. By generalizing education into separate genres the sociology and interrelated issues of each subject become a chaotic discord. Through this type of group learning, individuals learn that nothing is related and that one subject cannot breach another subject. This limits the possibilities of science, math, art, etc. By interrelating subjects, one student who is not interested in a certain genre may see how their study of choice hinges upon another subject such as math calculations to art (i.e. M.C. Escher’s tessellation). Dewey brought to the foreground of early American pragmatism in the 1900’s that teachers should teach according to how the student learns. Thus, the teacher must know the interest of the student, and therefore, the student will make an effort to learn if it is something for which they already have a propensity. Unlike Herbart, Dewey taught that a teacher cannot force a child to learn or even been interested in a subject, it is something the student has to choose. There are five components by which progressive education has worked: positive interdependence, promotive interaction, individual accountability, interpersonal and small-group skills, and group processing. Each of these components teaches students and teachers that learning is not achieved through route memorization but through actively taking part in lessons and developing independent thought. Active learning should be a base by which each classroom is structured. In analysis, active learning simply means that students aren’t spoon-fed the correct answers but instead they question the subject and come up with their own hypothesis and then are allowed to check to see if it is correct: They are not handed the answers and taught to memorize but instead are taught to actively engage in each school subject and come to their own conclusions through proper problem solving techniques (this is applicable in any genre). In active learning, questions are just as important as the answers. Plato highlighted that learners need to think as well as learn for themselves and take what they learn in a classroom setting as a guideline to real life as is stated in his forms. Teachers then are given the duty of making sure they engage students in becoming active learners. Through formal and informal learning, this accomplished. Progressive education in American History is then implemented in the learning strategy of all classrooms together. Cooperation means learning with a group and giving succor to everyone participating in that group. A school then, is merely a larger extension of the classroom group which in turn is an extension of the smaller learning groups within the classroom. The focal point of pragmatism then become the welding of Fine Arts in education. That is, fine arts as the fusion between art, math, history, languages and science. It is with Dewey’s definition of pragmatism that art is a bases by which teachers teach (he considered teaching an art) and how students learn (also an art form) and thus, subject matters were understood through art concepts. Â  Congruency is a term that permeates both progressive education and pragmatism, for the students and teachers. With the diverse relation of subject matters implemented in progressive education Dewey came to identify the hands on experience, thus Dewey believed that learning was manipulative in which the learner abided by the laws of situation in order to be properly stimulated and it is through this that Plato’s system of inquiry is found. In a progressive education then, the common and ultimate goal of the entire system is to improve learning, and the avenues by which material is learned by the students. Progressive education also entailed elements of Humanism as thought of by other philosophers and educators of the time period. In the concern for the individual that pragmatists exhibited, it was only natural that Humanism be involved in the philosophy. Humanism is the value of each person and that feeling extended throughout the human race. Dewey as well as Plato’s belief in humanism was only part of the interdisciplinary status of progressive education. Another strong element within the understanding of progressivism was liberalism. That is to say that liberalism combined with progressive education formed a cohesion of social justice and advocacy consent. Progressive education should be understood within a social context, and not be misguided by ideas pertaining to Constructivism which is similar but models itself towards pupils gaining their knowledge based purely and solely on individualistic efforts, instead of the hands on experience involved with pragmatism. Progressive education, as it is involved with the education system of America from the 1880’s throughout the 1920’s was a system in which pupils were encouraged to challenge themselves with their own knowledge paired with the knowledge they gained in a classroom. Pragmatism was about finding new solutions to old problems and continually challenging those solutions to find better answers. The combining of all subjects through fine arts application was essential to the development of pragmatism in the classroom and enabled students to find interest in areas which would otherwise be off limits because of their lack of attention in subjects which they were not interested. Progressive education has its origins in pragmatism and the separation of the two is problematic to the understanding of American education during the specified time period.