ITM all case study summary

Those purchasing online have their orders delivered to their coal LOCO store so that the LOCO can maintain its role in ensuring social responsibility and not shipping to minors. LOCO contracted with Robot Systems International to maintain a real-time inventory of products that directly interfaces with the company's warehouse management system. LOCO Senior vice-president Hugh Kelly planned to revamp LOCO. Com to better engage and target its customers through social media.Kelly also planned to bring flat screen kiosks designed to better inform customers about their purchases and get instant feedback. Supply Chain Customers see Vintages and LOCO. Mom first hand; they do not see behind the scenes where technology also plays a key role in the new LOCO. Systems such as the warehouse management system allow them to distribute products in less than a full case, know when a bottle in a case been broken, and accurately reflect the inventory levels so that when a customer orders a bottle of win e they can ensure timely delivery.Other systems allow the LOCO to forecast and replenish stock in a timely manner based on over-the-counter sales information that is fed back to head office. LOCO 2. 0 Internally, the company manages its communications with an extensive intranet that reduces the financial and environmental burdens of paper- based memos and forms. The intranet is used to send internal bulletins, memos, and expense reports, or to lessen the burden on employees when distributing LOCO media reports. It is the primary communication vehicle for the company.APS LOCO on the Go is an app that LOCO provides which allows its customers to browse products from their smart phones. Chapter 2 Information Systems Improve Business Processes at Grocery' Gateway Grocery Gateway is Canada's leader in the online retailing of home and office deliver groceries. Founded by a group of entrepreneurs with the idea that people had better thing to do in life than grocery shop. In 2004, Grocery Ga teway was acquired by Long Brothers Fruit Market Inc, a family owned independent grocery business that has operated physical grocery stores since 1956.Grocery Gateway sells groceries over the internet and deliver them directly to your door. They are open 24 hours, 7 days a week. People who have trouble or cannot have the time to buy groceries such as the elderly find Grocery Gateway to be beneficial. Information Systems Are at the Heart of the Comma/s Business Processes Grocery Gateways has built several key features in its Web site to attract and retain its customers, such as offering an online shopping demo, a getting-started tutorial, and email customer support.Grocery Gateway's Web sites offers a full suite of electronic commerce functionality that allows consumers to browse or find grocery items, see pictures and descriptions of product items (including their price), and to select items in a shopping basket and check out those items for delivery. Grocery Gateway's website must be tightly integrated and coordinate for the Web site to function as a cohesive hole. Using Information Systems to Manage Logistics Business Processes Grocery Gateways focuses on the logistics of quick delivery.Therefore the company has turned to the Descartes Systems Group, an on-demand logistics management solutions provider, to optimize Grocery Gateways selection of delivery routes. The technology allows Grocery Gateway to guarantee its customer a specific 90-minute window of delivery of groceries to their doors, a much narrower window than other retail delivery operations. The software that Grocery Gateway uses must take into account unpredictable delays, such s traffic jams and road accidents, as well as last-minute customer requests or cancellations.GAPS enabled mobile phones allow the logistics software to know the exact position and location of Grocery Gateway drivers to make the best decisions on routes for drivers to follow. The Descartes' software has improve the bottom l ine. Since deploying the On-demand Fleet Management Solution, Grocery Gateway has improved its on-time delivery performance by 14 percent and is exceeding its yearly stops per paid hour by 12. 4 percent. Routes are continually optimized for maximum efficiency. Access to historical ATA ensures that business processes are optimized and customer service needs are responded to more proactively.Chapter 3 Social Media and Gaston Catcher Where celebrities go, fans follow. David Kara noticed after famous artists began using his blobbing service Tumble. Therefore encouraging celebrities to set up accounts on the site has become â€Å"absolutely part of our road map and our business plan,† Kara says. Like Tumble, social sites are going out of their ay to keep the celebrities happy and coming back. Obama on Namespace, Faceable, and Twitter The Obama administration created profile pages on Namespace, Faceable, and Twitter.Namespace has agreed to build ad-free pages and equipped the profi le to get automatic updates from the white House's official blob. Faceable has worked with the handlers of select celebrity members, including CBS news anchor Katie Court and French President Nicolas Karakas, to get feedback on the new design of the site before it was opened to the public. Twitter co- founder Biz Stone credits high-profile users like actor Gaston Catcher and basketball professional Aquiline O'Neal for bringing attention to the site of 140;character messages but says the company doesn't reserve any â€Å"special resources† for them.John Legend Taps Tumble In addition to their promotional value, social networking celebrities represent a potential revenue source for these young startups. Tumble recently helped musician John Legend design a professional-looking blob that matches the look of his promotional site, created by Song Music Entertainment. Inning a website to allow its users to build their own social network. Inning charges its users but many of whom are celebrities $2. 99 a month for their social networks, but charges as much as $59. 9 a month to users who prefer to keep their pages clear of ads or who want to collect revenue generated by ads n their pages. Although Innings services is not exclusive to stars, many of the most successful networks on Inning draw on the fame of their operators, including hip-hop artist 50 cent and Q-tip, rock band Good Charlotte, and Ultimate Fighting Championship titleholder BC Penn. Many big names in business, including Dell CEO Michael Dell, use the professional networking site, Linked more as a business tool than to amass legions of followers.Whatever their reasons for being on the site, Linked uses the fact executives from all 500 biggest companies are among its member to encourage other businesspeople to join the site. Chapter 4 Shell Canada Fuels Productivity with ERP Shell Canada is one of the nation's largest integrated petroleum companies and is a leading manufacturer, distributor, and mark eter of refined petroleum products. The company, headquartered in Calgary, produces natural gas, natural gas liquids and bitumen. Shell Canada is also the country's largest producer of sulfur.There is a Canada-wide network of about 1 ,800 Shell- branded retail gasoline stations and convenience food stores from coast to coast. Mission Critical ERP To run such a complex and vast business operation successfully, the company lies heavily on a mission-critical ERP system. Using such a system is a necessity to help the company integrate and manage its daily operations – operations that span from wells and mines, to processing plants, to oil trucks and gas pumps. The ERP system has helped the company in reducing and streamlining the highly manual process of third-party contractors submitting repair information and invoices.On average, there are between 2,500 and 4,000 service orders handled by these contractors per month on a nationwide basis. Life at Shell Before ERP Before the ERP system, contractors had to send Shell monthly summarized invoices that listed maintenance calls the contractors made at various Shell gasoline stations. Each one of these invoices took a contractor between eight and 20 hours to prepare. Collectively, the contractors submitted somewhere between 50 and 100 invoices every month to Shell. This involved each invoice being reviewed by the appropriate territory manager and then forwarded to head office for payment processing.This alone consumed another 16-30 hours of labor per month. At the head office, another 200 hours of work was performed by data entry clerks who had to manually enter batch invoice data into the payment system. More hours of labor were required to decipher and correct errors if any mistakes were introduced from all the manual invoice generation and data re-entry involved. Detailed information about the service repairs that contractors did was often not entered into the payment system – it was often weeks or eve n months old by the time it made it into the payment processing system.As a result, Shell was not collecting sufficient information about what repairs were being done, what had caused the problem, and how it had been resolved. ERP is Solving Issues ERP solved these issues by providing an integrated Web-based service order, invoice, and payment submission system. With this tool third-party contractors can enter service orders directly into Shell's ERP system via the web. With the ERP system it takes only a few minutes for a contractor to enter details about a service order.Contractors' monthly, summarized invoices can now be generated automatically and fed directly into the ERP system's accounts payable application for processing. The ERP system's benefit is its ease-of-use. Shell offered its personnel both formal and informal ERP training. These proved to be invaluable in teaching end-users the mechanics of the system, gassing awareness of the system benefits, and the efficiencies t hat the ERP system could offer Shell. This not only helped promote end-user acceptance of the ERP system, but also greatly increased employees' intentions to use the system in their daily work.With this new system, employees across the company have gained fast and easy access to the tools and information they need to conduct their daily operations. Chapter 5 Supply Chain Management Inc. Helping Canadians Shop Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management Inc. (SCM Inc. ) operates several large, state-of-the- art distribution centers for Walter Canada. SCM Inc. Is there to support Walter Canada's operations and commitment to its customers. â€Å"We strive to identify efficiencies that contribute to Walters bottom line, so it can continue to serve millions of Canadians and grow its business. Said Dan Gabbed, president of SCM Inc. SCM Inc. ‘s business is logistics, or in other words get the right products to the right place in the right quantity at the right time to satisfy cu stomer demand. SCM Inc. Was founded in 1 994 by the Tibet & Britton Group. SCM and Logistics at SCM Inc. The conveyors and the technology work together with merchandise flow landing, and highly trained and engaged employees, to provide a â€Å"gold standard† service level in logistics and supply chain management for their customers. SCM Inc. Arks closely with Walter's buying and replenishment teams to ensure best-in-class Store in-stock, quality, and supply chain cost levels for general merchandise and groceries, which includes both non- perishable and perishable goods. How It Works How does SCM Inc. Manage the supply chain so that the right product arrives in the right store at the right time for the retail customer to buy? This is accomplished with a combination of technology and processes. Staple Stock Receiving Staple stock items are carried for stores throughout the year.Data on each store?s sales made before 1 8:00 each day are collected and transmitted to Walter's info rmation processing centre in Bonneville, Arkansas. The information for each of the stores supplied by the Calgary distribution centre is sent back to the distribution centre that same evening. The data is used to generate labels for the product picks the next morning and these labels are then picked and placed on the conveyor and sent to the appropriate shipping lanes. Distribution Assembly Receiving Dock The distribution assembly dock has 43 docks for receiving truck shipments.As the trailers are unloaded, with the aid of the Receiving Dock System (REDS), team members scan the bar codes on the vendor cases and enter the quantity for each item in the system; REDS will then print the required number of labels. The team member labels the freight and places it on the conveyor, which moves the freight to the shipping area after about a 12-minute ride on a conveyor Icepack Modules At each of the seven icepack modules, freight is picked from the slots, labeled, and placed on the conveyor to travel to the shipping lanes.The icepack modules work with all of the full case freight created from the previous night's production (label) run with freight that has been ordered in full-case quantities. Put to Light Department This department handles freight that is less than full-case quantities and that has pre-determined distribution to the stores. The department has three modules and each module is set up I sections. When the operator scans the label bar code created by the receiving department, which is placed on the outside of the carton, a light flashes, indicating what quantities to â€Å"put† into the container designated for a store.In this department the team member moves the stock to a stationary box. Pick to Light Also handles freight that is less than full-case quantities. This department on the other hand deals with staple stock items already in the building, based on the previous day sales of the stores that are not in full-case quantities. It uses the sa me technology as the â€Å"Put to Light† department in the order filling process but in this department the store box moves to the stationary vendor freight. Voice Voice is a process created by Walter that enables the distribution of non- conveyable stock.Product is picked directly from the vendor pallet and striation is given through voice commands to the pickers. The system tells each operator where and how many cases to put to each pallet. Each pallet represents a store. Merge Area at the top of the conveyor system where all the cases from all input lines come together. The cartons pass through tow scanners. The first scanner reads the label and sorts the box to either the north or south side of the shipping building depending on its final destination.The second scanner scans the bar code for billing information and then places the freight into the proper window to be diverted into its respective shipping lane. Shipping Lanes Shipping is the largest department in the distr ibution centre and the final destination in the building for the cartons before they are moved into the trailers for shipping. This department is set up so that each door represents one store in Western Canada. In this area, team members cover multiple lanes, using an overhead lighting system to determine lane priority. Trailer Loading Freight arrives at the shipping lanes from many input lines, in no particular Order.This puts pressure on the team members that are loading the trailers as they build secure loads. Team members must build secure walls of freight n the trailers to ensure safe off-loading and minimal in-transit damage to the stock when it arrives at store level. Loading safe trailers and filling them to capacity is a key initiative for SCM Inc. And Walter alike. The Billing Department Even though the freight has made it to the trailer, the processing is not finished. The Billing department takes over and creates the shipping packets from the paperwork that comes to them from the Data Processing department.Once the shipping packets are created, the Billing department also prepares the bills of lading so that the carriers can deliver the freight. In edition, the Billing department processes claims, credits, additional billing and reprinting of invoices. The Dispatch Department Once the dispatch team receives the shipping packets from the Billing department, they schedule the trailers using the dispatch program. When the trailers are scheduled, the dispatchers forward the information to the carriers to confirm delivery.Dispatch also emails the delivery information to the stores and processes all paperwork prior to each trailer leaving. Drivers pick up paperwork prior to each trailer leaving. Drivers pick up paperwork at the dispatch window prior to hooking up to their trailers. Chapter 6 Harnessing Customer Relationships at Fairmont Hotels & Resorts Richards Story Richard was impressed on his stay at Fairmont Vancouver Airport. His credit card was go ing to expire in less than 30 days so an employee asked Richard to leave his new business card at the desk so that his personal information could be updated in his records after he was checked in.Richard was pleased for receiving this care and attention and he wished other businesses could offer the same level of good service. Guest recognition program Fairmont realizes that information systems are critical to the success of a customer loyalty program like President's Club or any other customer relationship initiative. Consolidating Guest Information Fairmont built one centralized database that gathered information from all its various property management systems. The result was the ability to have one, centralized, and consistent view of each guest, regardless of which hotel a guest stayed in.The guest database provided a way to know and talk to guests, to service their preferences and interests, regardless of whether they are repeat customers or if they were checking in the hotel for the very first time. Enhancing Guest experiences Supersonic Networks provided 24/7 customer support to its guest using high- speed internet services at various Fairmont hotel and resort locations worldwide. Use of Information systems to improve guest relations and customer experience is its consideration of self-service check-in kiosks.Chapter 7 The Case for Business Intelligence at Nettling Companies such as Amazon, Nettling, Best Buy, and RIB financial use databases or data warehouses to collect your search data, purchase data, or track your activities, and then by using data mining tools and business intelligence they turn this data into information that can potentially boost heir bottom lines. Reed Hastings and a $40 Late Fee Reed hasting co-founder and CEO of Nettling was hit with a $40 fee for Apollo 13 at Blockbuster Video which got him thinking about the video rental business model.Why did video stores not work like health clubs where you could use the service as much or a little as you wanted for a flat monthly fee? So armed with IIS$750 million from the sale of a former venture, Hastings co- founded Nettling in 1997. The science and the Art of Nineties The box office success of a movie is only a proxy for awareness of a movie's existence; it does not necessarily translate into demand for the movie in the mental market, and box office success or failure does not mean success or failure of the movie in the rental market.Due to these two facts, distribution managers use their experience to formulate a hypothesis of a movie's possible success in the rental market. They then follow this up with the science of analytics to help them make the final decision as to what movies to distribute. The Analytics Cinematic does the following: It defines clusters of movies, connects customer movie rankings to the clusters, and then uses this connection to recommend movies to a particular customer. In addition, Cinematic also insiders Nineteen's inventory condition in its recommendations.Nettling will often recommend movies that fit the customers profile but that are not in high demand in order to take advantage of â€Å"the long tail. † What does this mean? Business intelligence is important to Nettling as it is a part of it secret of success. By collecting customer data in their database and then analyzing the data, Entail is able to have its Web site adapt to the personal tastes of each of its over 25 million customers in North America, and will do so even more with its plans to expand into Latin American markets in 2012.Chapter 8 Leveraging Knowledge at Bell Canada Bell Canada Canada's largest telephone and telecommunications company is constantly threatened by new competitors and innovative technologies. To stay ahead of the pack, Bell recognizes the importance of providing its employees with easy access to the most current information. Bell built the Market Knowledge Centre (MOCK) portal. The MOCK portal provides employees with e asy access to high quality, relevant information in a forum where this information Can be personalized, pushed, pulled, shared, discussed, summarized and integrated with other pieces of information.Bell believes hat such a tool increases the chance of employees making new discoveries, learning new insights, and strengthening their know-how. Objectives of the MOCK portal are: Enable Bell to meet competitive challenges in the marketplace Enrich the company's hiring and training employees Increase technological literacy among employees Provide resources to employees that can help them develop their knowledge and competencies. The MOCK provides information access from each employee's desktop.Employees are not constrained by physical geography, unavailable copies, or hours of operation. The portal facilitates both search and browse functions. Employees can locate documents of interest through a keyword search. The MOCK portal helps employees do their jobs better. The portal provides key strategic and tactical information needed by employee to support their projects. There are also savings for the company in delivering the MOCK portal.The portal eliminates duplicate spending on consultant reports, trade magazines, and industry documents across the enterprise by centralizing subscriptions to online databases and electronic journals and negotiating corporate-wide distribution licenses with suppliers. Features have been added to the portal in recent years include: 1 . Incorporating Google's Mini Search Appliance 2. Integrating news feeds 3. Creating subject pages MOCK staff also provides end-user customer support to employees.This involves fielding more demanding in-depth research questions from employees, rather than answering quick reference questions that employees can easily address themselves. TO ensure the MOCK portal is responsive to company needs, performance measures of client satisfaction are conducted regularly. Moreover, MOCK portal tool helps turn informat ion into knowledge by giving workers easy access to high quality and relevant information, and he ability to work with, share, and discuss this information with others, leading to gains in understanding and the ability to put this understanding into action.Chapter 9 Embracing Privacy at the City of Hamilton Privacy Concerns Recognizing the real concerns of Canadians over how well governments handle and protect the personal information they collect, the City of Hamilton has taken the lead in ensuring that any risks to the inadvertent release and misuse of personal information are minimized. Protecting Citizens A citizen, attempting to renew a dog license using the new online service, exposed a serious unknown technology vulnerability in the application.By entering an incorrect file number, the user was able to return personal information (name and address) for a different dog owner in the community. Municipal staff reacted swiftly in removing the problem functionality. In the followi ng months, staff from both the municipal Freedom of Information (OFF) Office and the City's information Technology Services (ITS) division worked with the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada (OPAC) to make the breach public and to redesign and ultimately reinstate, new functionality with upgrades to prevent unauthorized access of personal information.Learning from Lessons Technology is just a tool. If is human behavior (Hacking, purposeful misuse, an inability to take proper measures, or mistakes in design and implementation) that ultimately results in privacy breaches. Privacy Impact Assessment The City of Hamilton commissioned its first ever Privacy Impact Assessment (PIP) to identify any potential privacy risks, before proceeding with a User Adoption and Uptake research project conducted by Master University researchers.The project investigated end-user adoption of the millionth. A portal, collecting data from Web tracking information and personal demographic information from Hamiltonians who agreed to participate in the study. Chapter 10 Project Management and E-Learning The Project Marie Wesley was sitting at her office one day and thought to herself â€Å"l wish more Of our stakeholders understood what went into creating these documents and how time-consuming it is for the company to ensure the accuracy and readability of the information. She put together a proposal and sent it to university Learning Publishers and received $25,000 to develop her e-learning concept. Putting the Parts Together While Marie was at the fitness centre she thought of the concept of a stationary bike, the bike could not function without the other parts. This was similar to her project where she then jotted down capabilities that she needed to complete her project; management information systems expertise; securities commission experts; knowledge about writing for the internet; instructional designers; and educational experts.Putting Advisors in Place Marie had much wo rk to do. She needed to form her advisory Committee, determine her target audience, get quotes for various phases of development f the e-learning tool (and identify those phases), hire someone who manage the project while she wrote the content, determine the timeline for software development and implementation, and the how to assess the quality of the software throughout the development and implementation phases.Marie searched for companies that were interested in completing the part of the project that she wanted to outsource. She then found one, Star Communications. However it was difficult to judge the quality Of Star's work and the capabilities of the designers, as Star provided no work samples to help determine what the possibilities were for the final product. Adding Project Management After much consideration of the risks associated with partial outsourcing versus full service, Marie decided to let Star create the first module.

Starbucks Marketing mix

Below is a table for you to apply the elements of marketing mix (7Ps) to your selected business organisation. Starbucks Product and service -Starbucks stores offer a choice of regular or decaffeinated coffee beverages, a special â€Å"coffee of the day,† and a broad selection of Italian-style espresso drinks. In addition, customers could choose from a wide selection of fresh-roasted whole-bean coffees.When you walk into the Starbucks, you notice they are promoting specialty rinks or products within the store. For example they promote their new coffee by giving free samples to their customers and that maximise the publicity of the product and generate revenue for the business. Packaging Creative and innovative packaging is what Starbucks does so that they can be seen and get noticed in the crowded market of coffee. For Example they redesign the packaging of their coffee to recreate the shopping experience and quickly identify the coffee by roast.The new packaging of their coffe e gets the attention of new ustomers because customers can choose what kind of coffee you want Just by looking at the package (different colour, message). Price -Price and pricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix, as it is the only mix, which generates a turnover for the organisation/business. In July 2013 Starbucks decided to raise the price of their beverage by 1%, they claim that the price increase is due to rising labour and non-coffee commodity costs.Starbucks raise prices to maximize profits from these price insensitive customers who now depend n their strong gourmet coffee. Rather than trying to compete with cheaper chains like Dunkin, Starbucks uses price hikes to separate itself from the pack and reinforce the premium image of their brand and products. Place -Starbucks takes a thoughtful and strategic approach when choosing their store locations, carefully considering many factors including community demand. We are always looking for great location s to both better meet the needs of our current customers and to reach new ones.They did research on different areas before utting a store there, based on things like demand, traffic and parking, they may conclude multiple stores will serve customers better. People The baristas (employees) are the foundation of Starbucks. â€Å"When it comes to providing Starbucks customers an exceptional experience, our baristas are as important as the quality of the coffee that we serve†. http://www. starbucks. com/ Baristas really are the face of Starbucks. They are an important part of their customers' day, and experts in handcrafting delicious, perfect beverages.Connecting nd creating the moments that make a difference in each person's day. Processes Starbucks uses coffee from different origin. I will choose one of them and describe the process from the supplier to the customer. Decided to take a look at the Ethiopian coffee, as his name says it came from Ethiopia, it is a medium-bodied c offee who offers soft, velvety notes of dark chocolate, subtle hints of peppery spice, and sweet, mandarin-like citrus for a balanced and approachable taste in the cup.From Ethiopia to the Starbucks manufacturer where the coffee is roasted packages and directly end to their stores where the coffee is available for customers. Physical evidence Starbucks provides information on its products, business partnerships, and career opportunities on its website. The famous Starbucks Logo (which is green and features a partially nude siren) has stayed largely unchanged since its origin, However it has been altered to adjust to international sensibilities. Starbucks uses white cups with their green logo on it, it comes with different sizes.It was specially design to resist heat, mainly because they serve hot beverage. It also comes with a lids. Branding The Starbucks brand has amazingly been able to create a reputation for itself as a very hip and mainstream coffee hub. People of all ages, incl uding adults and young teens, are flocking to this coffee franchise to enjoy all the different caffeinated and specialized drinks it has to offer. Over the years, the Starbucks brand has cleverly re- branded its products and coffee cups in order to cater for a more modern generation and the company has benefit from it as a result.

Hurricane Katrina Essay

Crisis and Disasters On August 23, 2005 the tropical depression 12 formed in the Caribbean then it rapidly became tropical storm Katrina on August 24, 2005 as it drifted toward southern Florida. Then on August 25 it strengthened into hurricane Katrina. No one at this time had any idea of what was coming, that this would be on the five deadliest hurricanes in Untied States History. Resulting in the death of around 1, 820 people. From the Gulf coast along Florida to Texas much damage was caused from storm surge. The main amount of damage was in New Orleans, Louisiana which flooded due to levee systems failing, resulting in 80% of the city being flooded and the flood waters lasted for weeks, destroying homes, buildings, and entire communities. . Hurricane Katrina began in the Bahamas on August 23 and as it made it was into southern Florida it became a category 1 hurricane before it grew rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico. In the Gulf in became a category 5 hurricane but weakened before it hit southern Louisiana on August 29 becoming a category 3 hurricane. In just 9 hours the storm went from a category 3 to a category 5 hurricane, this was due to the storms movements over the warm waters of the loop current, which increased the wind speeds of the hurricane. On August 26, the National Guard was activated in Mississippi to help prepare for the oncoming storm. The next day the state activated its Emergency Operations center along with 57 other emergency shelters opened along the coastline and evacuation orders were put into effect. Louisiana’s hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases, starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds. Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas (including New Orleans) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds although many people at the time were unwilling to evacuate due to the fact they didn’t want to leave their homes, business, or even pets. Many private facilities that relied to bus companies and ambulance services to evacuate people failed due to the fact that they waited too long. This happened when the Governor did not sign an emergency waiver to allow licensed drivers to transport evacuees on  school buses. On August 27, George W. Bush, President of the United States, declared a state of emergency in certain areas of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. On August 28 almost all infrastructe had been shut down along the coast making it even harder to evacuate people. On the morning of August 28 with winds up to 175 mph and category 5 statues it hit Louisiana. On August 2 9 Katrina made its second landfall as a category 3 with winds up to 125mph near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. Katrina’s third landfall was near the Louisiana/ Mississippi line as a category 3 hurricane with 120mph winds. After reaching Tennessee it was downgraded to a tropical depression and finally lost it’s power over the Great Lakes region. From the Gulf coast along Florida to Texas much damage was caused from storm surge. The main amount of damage was in New Orleans, Louisiana which flooded due to levee systems failing, resulting in 80% of the city being flooded and the flood waters lasted for weeks, destroying homes, buildings, and entire communities. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff said this was â€Å"probably the worst catastrophe, in the country’s history.† The aftermath from Katrina had many negative effects. The economic effects from the storm were the worst. The Bush Administration asked for 105 billion dollars in repairs and reconstruction for the area. Katrina destroyed 30 oil rings in the Gulf Coast and caused 9 to permeably close. Mi ssissippi’s forestry industry was affected being that 1.3 million acres of timber was destroyed, this was around 5 billion dollars worth of damage. Hundreds of thousands of people were left without jobs after Katrina. Hundreds of thousands of people were sent all across the United States to different shelter locations. The levee failures in New Orleans are accounted to be the worst civil engineering fail in U.S history and a lawsuit was filled against the U.S Army Corps of Engineers who built the levees by Judge Stanwood Duval but this was thrown out due to the sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1965. There was also another investigation of federal agencies which resulted in the resignation of FEMA director Michael D. Brown. On September 12, 2005 Brown resigned, stating that it was â€Å"in the best interest of the agency and best interest of the president.† Before his resignation Brown had already been taken away from his job as coordinator in federal efforts in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast by Homeland Security secretary Michael  Chertoff . It was been said that Brown was forced out of the administration rather that voluntarily resigning.. . Katrina destroyed many wildlife habitats and breeding grounds for marine mammals such as turtles, fish, birds, and many marshes for migrating ducks were destroyed. Seven million gallons of oil were leaked into the ocean. Many spills were cleaned up but some managed to leak into the ecosystem and some towns were even flooded with oil mixed waters. During the clean up, flood waters were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain, which took 43 days. Those waters contained many toxic things to wildlife such as bacteria, raw sewage, pesticides, toxic chemicals, and oil. Many citizens starting looting stores in New Orleans in search of food, water, and many other items for personal gain. The news media reported rapes, murders, thefts during this but many reports turned out to be inaccurate. The National Guard was sent in to restore order and over the first week that’s what they accomplished. The Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team was sent into Louisiana to to verify, document, and cha racterize deaths caused by hurricane Katrina. It was found that there were 971 Katrina-related deaths in Louisiana and 15 deaths among Katrina evacuees in other states. Drowning was the cause of (40% of deaths, injury and trauma caused 25% of deaths, and heart conditions caused 11% of the deaths that were the major causes of death among Louisiana victims. After hurricane Katrina many state, local, and federal agencies were aware of the serious devastation of the area but were unable to communicate with each other properly into order to coordinate a rescue response such as help citizens, provide law enforcement, and evacuate the rest of the city. During the first two days the federal government forces had no commutation with the states national guard . resulting in either agency being able to operate at full efficiency. No one had any idea what the other agency was doing or had already done. This resulted in the delay of many ground forces be assisted to the area. FEMA requested assistance from DOD not knowing what the National guard had already done to fill the same needs. This also resulted in no formal command relationship which caused confusion o n what jobs both sides need to do. The destruction of communications infrastructure made it impossible for emergency responders and citizens to communicate effectively. With 70 percent of the city’s  police officers being victims themselves there was not enough law enforcements to restore order. The Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security had to send it different agencies of law enforcement t to help the New Orleans police department . Many hospitals were destroyed during Katrina and with thousands of people needing assistance it was devastating. Most local and State public health and medical assets were overwhelmed by these conditions, placing even more responsibility on federal agencies.. The process for approval for the reimbursement for medical and public health services provided by Federal agencies created delays and frustrations among health care providers, patients and the general public. Triage was also a big factor during Hurricane Katrina considering the fact that the number of people needing help was much greater than the number of first responders. Many people needed to be rescued and were injured and with the conditions of the city it was a hard task to find people and be able to transport to them a care center. This was a long task considering first responders had to locate a victim, transport them somewhere for help, get back to the same area and keep looking only to repeat the process over and over. It was hard to pick and choose to would get help first considering the fact that only numbers of people would be found at a time. During Hurricane Katrina DMORT set up the Find Family National Call Center in Louisiana. This was the center of operations for finding the location and reuniting families that were separated during Hurricane Katrina. Out of 13,000 people that were missing, around 7,000 were reunited to their families thanks to the DMORTS operation. DMORT were given two missions during Hurricane Katrina. One was to set up a base camp for DMORT and the other was to set up a base camp for the 1600 person Urban Search and Rescue crew. Other duties were to set up temporary morgue facilities, do victim identification, forensic dental pathology on diseased bodies, processing, preparation of diseased bodies. One major thing that was learned during Hurricane Katrina is that during such a major disaster declaring a state of emergency and an evacuation of a area is not enough to reduce the amount of fatalities during a disaster. A big problem was that During Katrina many agencies had no ways to communicate and set up a chain of command in order to operate at full efficiency of their abilities. When it is known that a natural disaster is going to take place , the agencies that are going to respond being state or federal need   to know in advance in order to set up a plan for each agency so that no one is doing the same thing over. Good communication methods need be planned out before hand since this way such a major issue during Hurricane Katrina. Another major issue during Katrina was triage and the lack of first responders. Once it is known that a major disaster is about to take place local medical centers can not be relied on being that there is a great chance they can be destroyed or without any power as seen during hurricane Katrina. Centers need to be set up away from the danger area and transportation of these civilians need to be prepared in advance. Small issues that can lead into big problems such as the Governor during Katrina w did not sign an emergency waiver to allow licensed drivers to transport evacuees on school buses are objectives that need to be taken care of in advance to avoid such issues. Centers that are set up need to be well equipped and supplied to handle the amount to people that will be sent there. Organizations such as the American Red Cross should be asked in advance for their assistance, not after the disaster has already taken place. Assistance on how hospitals to get paid back by federal funds for their assistance should be taken care of during advance being that this was a major issue during Katrina. Federal teams that will be needed just be warned in advance for their assistance and be told to be on immediate standby. This should include professional search and rescue teams , the National Search and Rescue Response team, the National Guard, DMORT, Psychologists, EMS, Firefighter, state and federal police agencies, and DMAT should all be prepared .

CRJ 422 Week 2 assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CRJ 422 Week 2 assignment - Essay Example The theory provides logical arguments that are systematic and provides specific, important causes of delinquency. The delinquency theories in the article are composed of propositions and concepts. The article further explores the use of research coupled with theories to unveil the causes and of delinquency. This provides a solid background in understanding juvenile delinquencies, which has been a problem in the society (Smith, 2008). In any contemporary jurisdiction, the best solution and preventions of social problems are significantly easy to find when the causes of such a problem are established. This article is anchored in such a philosophy, and has come up with several factors that influence the criminality among the juvenile delinquency. Such factors include drug influence, broken homes and low education among others. The articles describe how the factors that influence juvenile delinquency can be controlled and prevented. It delineates several critical and youthful measures that can be employed to achieve better results. Such include; wealth creation, enhancing parental responsibilities, education and training of the youths among others (John et al., 2013) . This article describes a significant transformation of juvenile delinquency in the courts of law. To promote a better understanding of handling the minor when they commit a crime, there should be juvenile courts instituted. The article describes the process of trying a minor in such court of law, how they get a competent attorney, and how they are helped through probation or per role basis. To promote all these, there should be enough staff from in the juvenile judicial system. The staff shall assist in maintaining the criminal justice as well as social justice in the community to avert juvenile delinquency. In USA, majority of young people agree to engage in some sorts of delinquent

Major Theories of Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Major Theories of Organizational Behavior - Essay Example In this paper we would discuss the ways the major organizational behavior theories have helped, guide the way for managers in the complex and changing global business environment. The principal purpose of organizational structure is one of control: to control the way people coordinate their actions to achieve organizational goals and to control the means used to motivate people to achieve these goals. At Microsoft (Dumaine, 1990), for example, the control problems facing Bill Gates were how to coordinate scientists' activities to make the best use of their talents and how to reward scientists when they developed innovative products. Gate's solution was to place scientists in small, self-contained teams and to reward them with stock in Microsoft based on team performance. For any organization, an appropriate structure is one that facilitates effective responses to problems of coordination and motivation - problems that can arise for any number of environmental, technological, or human reasons. As organizations grow and differentiate, the structure likewise evolves. Organizational structure can be managed and changed through the process of organizational design. At the same time that organizational structure is evolving, so is organizati

People Need to Be Supportive of Arts, Movies, And Television Shows For Research Paper

People Need to Be Supportive of Arts, Movies, And Television Shows For the Innovations of Tomorrow - Research Paper Example They are responsible for making guidelines for the social structure of the society since it does not only represent the ideas of people in a society but it also directs their behavior and choices on a routine basis. This indicates that people need to be supportive in regard of art, movies and television shows since their innovative and prosperous future is dependent upon these factors of social structure (Hugh Honour). Background Human society is not just a mere combination of individuals sharing common ideas, rather it presents a complete social structure based on beliefs, customs, traditions, moral values, rituals, history, science and myths. All these components of social structure basically contribute to the development of art which is then defined as the key describing factor of any society, region or civilization. Since ancient times art has been given great importance as it has been a fundamental source of bringing change and innovations in a society which then leads to an opt imum prosperity. Therefore even today art, movies and television shows are closely associated with the innovations for future (Hugh Honour). The movies and television shows are actually the extended and much innovated version of customary art and traditions. With the advent of latest technology art has also advanced and increased its horizon which has led to the development of stage performances and then finally to movies and television shows. These drastic and significant changes in the society indicate that art is a prime source of innovation for future. However, there are individuals who actually give the credit of innovations to the scientific advancement rather than art. This is mainly because they consider... This report makes a conclusion that Rrearch and analysis of the whole topic suggest that it is the prime need of people living in the current era to support and encourage art, movies and television shows in order to get innovations for future and frequent social, technological and economic development. Life without these important components of modern social structure would be free from challenges and innovations subsequently leading to delayed progress and ultimately resulting in poor living standards. The prime focus of this position paper is to convince people regarding the need of art, movies and television shows in order to gain innovation for future. People who believe that they do not require extending any support to the art, movies and television shows think that the major contributors of innovations are scientific knowledge and technology whereas art represents itself just as a platform of entertainment. Therefore they do not feel that there is any need to supporting this idea. While on the other hand, individuals who actively participate in supporting art, movies and television shows believe that they act as the most essential components of social structure which actually drives the human motives and directs their behavior. In addition to this art and media as a whole play a substantial part in the success or failure of business strategies which are directly linked with the economic growth and development. For instance, in the past centuries when movies and television show s were not present, then people were completely unaware of their surroundings due to which there were no rapid advancements.

Reflection Papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflection Papers - Essay Example Similarly, the contestation over the significance and meanings of ‘girl power’ and girl culture have produced new relationship between feminism, girls, and popular culture. In particular, popular culture has always been the primary focus of feminism (Biddle & Gibson, 2009). Apparently, the impact of contemporary life on women and the importance of popular culture to mapping ideologies and desires around the modern woman have been of vast interest to feminists. As a popular civilization, girl culture is conceivably a form of feminism. Many of the contemporary feminist approaches underline the active deployment of popular culture by women. In summary, the complexity in discussing or analyzing the relations between Spice Girls and their fans suggests the difficulty surrounding ‘identification’ (Biddle & Gibson, 2009). According to British cultural theorists, Paddy Whannel and Stuart Hall assert that the pop stars girls admire are tangible idealizations of life of a typical teenager, and not merely remote stars. In addition, the psychoanalytic principle claims that girls are normally characterized by over-investment in objects. The principle reflects or denotes a fear of separation and

MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - Essay Example DMG’s goals are to upgrade healthy living by producing high quality products, to preserve the environment and to create sustainable returns for stakeholders. The model will focus on five attributes that make up the competitive environment namely supplier power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, the risk of substitution and lastly the risk of new entrants. With regard to the supplier powers, the suppliers play a minor role, if any, at raising the prices of DMG products (Oz, 2009, p.18). This is because the company owns most of the critical factors of production. For tea and Coffee production, DMG own farm estates for production of the crops, suppliers only provide packaging materials (Beynon-Davies, 2013, p. 376). A higher cost of the packaging materials would result in DMG transferring the additional cost to consumers by raising prices. The same applies for yogurt production, as the company owns dairy livestock, suppliers come in to provide flavours and packaging materials. Buyer power is detrimental to affecting the nature of prices within the market. DMG has a fairly larger number of consumers for its products. Essentially, the company cannot, under any circumstance dictate the terms of buying (Beynon-Davies, 2013, p.402). Given the fact that other brands of tea, coffee and yogurt the buyers may easily switch to other supplier of the same. Rivalry from competitors does not really lower the attractiveness of the market (Betz, 2001, p.29). Two firms in agribusiness provide competition to DMG but the major threat is one firm that enjoys a large market share because of an extensive information technology system (Proctor, 2011, p.16). DMG is taking measures to turn the tables in the industry and extend the domestic market share. Substitution seems to be a minor threat for DMG because of the coffee and tea are substitutes. In

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay - 8

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example Organizations thus needed to change the way they are operated so as to keep pace with the changing trends. As a result, organizations do not follow strict procedures and bureaucratic structures which cannot respond quickly to the environmental changes. Watson engine components and H & M consulting are two organizations with different modes of operation and management. Watson is a family owned organization dealing with one line of business of producing and selling car engine components whereas H & M is a multinational organization formed through mergers and acquisitions dealing with various lines of business such as; consultancy, providing services to public and private sector in issues dealing with environment, education, water, energy among others. Watson is a traditional organization which has not yet embraced the changes brought about by globalization hence is finding it difficult to attract and retain employees as well as customers and it is at the verge of collapse unless drasti c measures are taken. H & M on the other hand, is a global organization which is experiencing a lot of success due to its mode of operation and management. Its customer oriented and values its employees making it a leader in the market. This paper will analyse the differences between the two organizations in terms of how they are operated and managed. Organization Structure and Design The organization structure refers to the framework of the organization and design refers to changes made to the organization structure (Gitman & McDaniel, 2008). The structure determines how authority and responsibility are shared, the channels of communication, the span of control and how the activities are assigned within the organization. The structure is determined by various factors such as; size, leadership, type of activities, technology and the environment. The size of the organization matters when designing organization structure. Small organizations have an organic design. There are no comple x rules and procedures to be followed and hierarchical structures as there are few employees. Large organizations are more bureaucratic and follow complex procedures (Hill & Jones, 2008). However, due to advancement in technology and emergence of team work, large organizations like H & M no longer need to be bureaucratic. Such organizations maintain strong employee involvement and use information technology to control the project teams. Watson though medium sized is highly bureaucratic with no staff involvement. According to Gold et al (2010), the leadership style determines the type of structure. Autocratic leaders are associated with bureaucratic organizations. They do not communicate directly with staff and workers have to follow strict procedures. Gordon Watson, the director of Watson engine components makes all the decisions which are put into action by the operations director. He does not embrace changes hence the organization structure remains bureaucratic and unable to deal with changes. Theo Wolf of H & M is democratic and has empowered the employees to conduct their project teams without interference. The structure of the organization is organic and flexible enough to deal with any changes. CliffsNotes (2011) argues that the level of technology and environment determine the organization

First 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

First 1 - Assignment Example Political science, therefore, guide on how to address political situations such as sharing of national resources to avoid disputes and dangers of conflicts groups. According to Nelson (2014), politics is the science of ‘who gets what, when and how’ (Nelson). The president has therefore a choice to appoint political scientist to help him address the struggle that exist in budgeting, military stand points and in international powers brokering in a countries interest. Political scientist has the knowhow to address region and international politics. The issue of energy crisis for example requires the understanding of energy producing country policies to better sigh cost effective and long lasting political, economic and social ties. A president who is keen on keeping a high rating on his performance and always a delight on his electorate would have a political scientists as his staff. Political scientists ensure that the policies pursued by his president are that that addresses people’s needs Vis a Vis others interests (Nelson). For example, President Obama is keen on addressing the immigration problem in the United States because it is at the heart of his electoral college. Majority of the people that voted for him were hopeful that he would address their needs while he is the president. Therefore, a political scientist has a priority to roll out immigrations policies more than any other academician. In contrast, if the president were to hire an economist or an environmentalist as his staff he would suffer from political unrest and poor rating because these experts is best in addressing problem disregarding political effects. Economist answers economic problem touching on every American while a political scientist would have a different view of the same as he or she would be weighing the benefit of economic policies on the needs of the president political strengths. A political scientist on staff run the

American Steel Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Steel Industry - Research Paper Example One of the industrial relations patterns that have emerged and which the international leadership of the united steelworkers of America appears to be advocating is a new cooperative partnership, modeled after the 1986 National Steel Agreement. This new industrial relations model includes significant quality and flexibility-enhancing work restructuring coupled with an increased share of compensation linked to firm performance and productivity in exchange for job security guarantees and unprecedented employee and union participation and information sharing at all levels of the company (Anon 2). Economic, technological and institutional changes in the 1980s have fundamentally transformed the industrial relations system in the American steel industry. Prior to the 1980s, the bargaining structure in steel matched the concentrated and centralized nature of the industry as a whole. Not only did a multi-employer bargain set the pattern for the wider industry, but also there was coordination of pay for particular jobs through the co-operative arrangements. The inaccessibility to potential entrants of requisite iron ore supplies of high grade has imposed a major barrier to entry to the American steel industry. In the period since the reconstruction of Europe and Japan following the Second World War, earlier reductions in tariffs on steel have invited the influx of foreign supplies; until at present foreign producers are supplying an appreciable minor fraction of the American market. These foreign suppliers are drawing on iron ore reserves that have not been generally accessible to potential entrant firms that might have produced steel in America. As a result, the barrier to entry to the American steel market that depended on the close holding of domestically available iron ore deposits by established American firms has been appreciably reduced. American steel

Egyptian Sculptures Essay Example for Free

Egyptian Sculptures Essay The Metropolitan museum of New York for Egyptian collection houses a wide array of Egyptian sculptures that carry with them the history of the Egyptian people that also reflect the background of ancient civilization. Examples of prominent Egyptian sculptures include the Statue of a Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra and the Plaque with Greek dedication to Isis, Serapis and Apollo by Komon. The statue of the Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra is originally from Egypt and is reported to have been in existence around the Ptolemaic period or later. It dates between 170 B. C or later. It is made of medium limestone with a dimension of 62. 2cm in height, 19. 7cm in width and a breadth of 14. 6 cm. The statue is also credited by the museum to be a gift of Joseph W. Drexel in 1889 (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010). The statue of the Ptolemaic Cleopatra embodies a queen, probably Cleopatra, holding a cornucopia. The third daughter of King Ptolemy the 12th Auletes, Cleopatra VII Philopator was born in January of 69 BC and died on the month of August 30 BC (Greek Bible Study, para. 1). She was the queen of ancient Egypt and the last member of the Ptolemy Dynasty who marked the last Hellenistic monarchy of Egypt. The Greek Bible Study explains that despite the fact that many other queens of Egypt were known by the same name, she is simply referred to as Cleopatra as the identities of her predecessors have been forgotten with time. Cleopatra is a Greek word that means â€Å"father’s glory†. On the other hand Cleopatra Thea Philopator stands for â€Å"The Goddess Cleopatra, Beloved of Her Father† (Greek Bible Study, para. 2). In the entire 300 year old dynasty that saw the rule of Cleopatra, she was the only one able to learn the Egyptian language (para. 4). Cleopatra ruled Egypt with her father and later on her brothers whom she ended up marrying before gaining sole leadership as Pharaoh (Greek Bible Study, para. 5). Together with Caesar, a Roman ruler, she bore a son, Caesarion who ended up being co-ruler. She took her own life when Caesar’s legal heir Octavian led Rome against Egypt (Greek Bible Study, para. 6). She clearly demonstrated great dedication towards leadership and created a lasting impact to not only Egypt but also the world. The Egyptian plaque containing Greek dedication to Isis, Apollo and Serapis by Komon is alleged to have come from the Macedonian and Ptolemaic period during the reign of Ptolemy the fourth and fifth between 210 and 204 BC. The plaque is made of marble and measures 27. 95 by 17. 5 cm. It is also claimed to have been a gift of Joseph Drexel in 1889 (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010). The Greek inscription on the plaque reads â€Å"In behalf of King Ptolemy, the great god, Philopator, savior and winner of victory, and his son Ptolemy, to Isis, Serapis, Apollo; Komon, son of Asklepiades, oeconomus at Naukratis (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2010). Cleopatra is a household name in the analysis of leadership in Egyptian dynasties. She lived her life as a tough ruler and was elevated to the position of Pharaoh despite being a woman which shows her great leadership abilities and the added zeal to rule over Egypt. This is seen by her becoming co-ruler beside her father despite having brothers. She is an icon of great leadership and bravery to Egyptian culture and the rest of the world. The existing short distance and apparent interactions between Greece and Egypt made it necessary for Ptolemy, a Greek King to create good relationships between the Greeks and the Egyptians (Norfleet, para. 1). The dedication of King Ptolemy through Komon to Isis, Apollo and Serapis by means of his writings of the marble plaque is an indication of good will around the Ptolemy reign between King Ptolemy and Isis, Serapis and Apollo. It can also be explained to be a declaration of power through his annunciation of his powers. Such initiatives may be claimed to have brought tranquility between the Ptolemy reign and other kingdoms. At around 120 AD, Ptolemy introduced the Serapis religion that improved the ties between Greek and Egypt. Works Cited: Greek Bible Study. A Brief History of Queen Cleopatra. (2010). Retrieved on 6th May 2010 from: http://www. biblestudy. org/biblepic/cleopatra. html Norfleet, Phil. Platonism, Paganism and Early Christianity. (2010). Retrieved on 6th May 2010 from: http://www. mozilla. com/en-US/firefox/central/ The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Works of Art, 2010. Retrieved on 6th May 2010 from:http://www. metmuseum. org/works_of_art/collection_database/egyptian_art/listview. aspx? page=2sort=0sortdir=asckeyword=fp=1dd1=10dd2=0

Immediate Access Storage

Immediate Access Storage Primary storage is also known as Immediate Access Storage and is where data is stored on the main computer memory. An example of primary storage is RAM (Random Access Memory otherwise referred to as RWM (Read Write Memory). RAM is the memory chip stored within the computers motherboard, where data can be read, stored and edited. RAM is extremely fast and is where programs are usually installed, due to its ability to run programs quickly and more efficiently than Secondary storage facilities. Secondary storage is where software and some documents or spreadsheets are stored onto a hard drive or externally onto a device such as a disk, which is easily accessible when required, via any computer or laptop and easily transportable. This is a much slower form of storage but popularly used, as the computers CPU (Central Processing Unit) memory is limited in size and its storage capacity. The information is usually stored on CD ROM; external hard drives; flash memory or USB Pen drives. Secondary storage is permanent and only becomes obsolete in time (when it eventually wears out or is replaced by new and improved technology). Complex functions such as translators for high-level languages and operating systems are placed on ROM memory. (Comp Wisdom, 2006). The ROM memory chip is a viable permanent storage facility for manufacturers, as users are unable to overwrite the information stored on this device. Off-site data storage is non-volatile and is where information is stored at an other location away from the computer, which is accessible from a direct call or via the internet. Off-site data storage is beneficial as a backup if complications arise with the onsite computer system. (No-Moa Publishers, 2000) Table -Differences between Primary and Secondary Storage. (Integrated Publishing, 2010) Primary Secondary Volatile Temporary Non-Volatile Permanent Fast memory therefore expensive Slow memory therefore cheaper Smaller storage capacity (L2 Cache = 2MB) Larger storage capacity Closer to CPU or internal so faster Connects to the CPU so slower performance Examples PROM Programmable Read Only Memory, already programmed by the manufacturer, non-editable. Needs a device to burn to disk and if mistake made cannot be corrected. EPROM Electronically Programmable Read Only Memory. Holds data no power supply, electrically reprogrammed up to 100 times. Stores Calibration data in real time clocks. Other types: DRAM,SRAM, MRAM Other types: ROM cane be read but not overwritten Hard drive, CDs, DVDs, Flash Memory, Magnetic tapes, Offline storage, EEPROM. TE560_21 Figure Image of Primary and Secondary Storage. 2. Virtualization (or hypervisor) is similar to simulation where an identical copy of an operating system is made.Virtualization can be formed for various systems such as: Networks; Platforms; Applications; Desktops; servers and storage devices. This means that multiple virtual machines can be run on a single host (via virtualization),containing its own resources; operating systems and hardware, reducing the risk of software applications from causing complications with each other due to incompatibility errors or conflict. This functionality has also been developed for wireless technology including mobile phones. The benefit of mobile phones having this functionality is that the virtualized environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦would be open to developers or open to the user to add and install applications to customize the phone as they wantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ without disrupting the carrier network.(Hazelton, Nov 2008) http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFeUHVc-xcABcxrH8xDl7q3VWyYoBJL2cIMNNFsQtAB8ebnZIsFigure : Virtualization Image Blue Whale Web Inc, 2010 3. The Home Theater receiver, also referred to as an AV receiver or Surround Sound Receiver, is the heart of a home theater system and provides most, if not all, the inputs and outputs that you connect everything, including your television, into. An AV Receiver provides an easy and cost-effective way of centralizing your your home theater system. Part One discusses the audio factors to take into consideration.http://l.thumbs.canstockphoto.com/canstock4372770.jpg http://www.reevoo.com/decidewhattobuy/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/blu-ray-player.jpghttp://lh5.googleusercontent.com/public/EI_yegmdzg0GsCmGUSyDISl8zD_zZOtAolnYCF6vhX6-kF_MlIBrf8t7XoZLFT3ZJXnx5hIu2mGWXyKVUx1U7xmZEuEXKy2h3atdhqfASFF0xxwpiVuqc_tdn-OUstUeSy_y_MChmYzHM36-XmgODqD1-pTzfQaq8B08 http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/public/iz2Chel5cJXmTnGKs05sR57Qwpsu37fLsLQBaDB8ooEaPykOrG5Sa3k8luyBUldEEVxRdqIdM029Z9fmEfA157F7grt0H_Qlb5-EkHi2e8H8N18Dxm1BIF4NOPeKCeoK6K33CMeniNr9aTLn687u_qA http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTy3tuyNo0QIFkj8zWBJ17fRRIKkq2XWIy5sBlZJCucTuTGSMV1 http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQLIct0K0DjK9t8MWv_WXeB45gIxgH5nnUXuRI1LsDwVuvUugx53w http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6ejzL49EUDy6dyejZ4aLeoV7YWompLO-MEJ-n7ahkXJoIoaFOewhttp://www.4homecontrol.com/clip_image034.jpg 4. The cloud in network systems is an abstraction of the real system and itscomplex infrastructure. It hides the actual processes and network connections to the user such as servers, routers hubs, switches, cabling and storage (the points of entry and exits) that enable data processing.(Wiley Publishing Incoporated, 1998)The cloud represents the communications network such as network cables, which connect to various devices in order to communicate over short distances or over a large geographical area, similar to that of a telephone infrastructure. 5a. PDF known as Portable Document Formatis a system by which files can be displayed on various applications which is independent of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦software, hardware and operating systems which they originated from and the computer or printer from which the output originated.(Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006, p. 33). PDF files have a sophisticated imaging model derived from PostScript page description language (Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006)which has been redefined to incorporate binary format.PDF files contain universally accepted format of arrays; syntaxes; graphics; imagery and text containing specified instructions objects that allows outputto be consistent across un-similar devices. b. The format for storing, page layout and managing objects is compressed in PDF files via means of fixed, two-dimensional PostScript document.The advantages of using PDF files rather than HTML are:- Files can be encrypted and cannot be tampered with; can have a digital signature which can be for legal issues; images and information can be used as evidence in court, whereas HTML has no security controls. PDF have a low risk of being contaminated by a virus. A PDF file can be password encrypted. PDF reader software which is free of charge whereas HTML requires a Browser window. Font is embedded in a PDF file ensuring that layout and appearance remains intact, whereas HTML font and appearance is defined by the creator which can appear differently depending on browser functionality used. PDF is designed to take appearance of documentation into consideration, whereas HTML concentrates on structure. PDF files hold large data compared to that of HTML.(Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006) c. PDF has a font embedded system allowing font programsto travel with the document, which are interpreted at the destination by the data structure, which is built into the application or by means of an external font file. This transfers the information into a character which is a graphical shape known as a glyph. The file compresses information which preserves data and maintains the integrity of the original document including its fonts and graphics. (Chuck Geschke, 2004, p. 24) d. A PDF contains 5 object types in relation to graphics, which are embedded into the file and transported with the document these being:- Path Text Inline Shading These objects define the position, orientation, size of text, graphics and bitmap imagery that appear on the page by means of appropriate shading, structure, syntax, colour fill and line strokes. The cleverly designed graphical parameters allow conversion and compression files to make certain discreet changes to the graphics without changing the surrounding environment.The filedetermines the imagery and displays it in the exact layout and position. This is known as the Cartesian co-ordinate system. (Adobe Incorporated, 2006) A vector (object) image is handled similarly, as paths are made up of lines called Bezier curves. (Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006)The path object transfers these into paths that can be stroked and filled. The output format is then transferred with the file to cater for the imagery. e. There are a number of limitations that a PDF has on the end user these being:- Graphic recognition is time consuming to process documents containing Vector graphics Documents holding certain layouts like magazines and newspapers cannot be deciphered correctly. The documents are un-editable which could affect documents pertaining to lawyers, that require proofreading and alterations by the client. Due to new versions being released on a regular basis with new functionality, causes incompatibilities with documents created by earlier versions. Converting a PDF file back into a formatted word document asPDF does not recognise paragraphs, formatting, headers, footers, indentations, and line breaks. (PDF Tools, 2005) 6. A computer network is divided physically as well as logically. A collision domain (Ethernet segment) is where two or more devices are attempting to transmit packets of data at the same time and are usually contained within a broadcast domain. Devices that are attached to a hub or a switch are within a collision domain. Collision domains are usually divided by a switch or bridgesand use a collision -sensing protocol called CSMA/CD. The basic strategy for this protocol is it detects imminent collisions by abnormalities in the voltage, which occurs in the computer rejecting the corrupted frame (runt). (CISCO, 2006) A broadcast domain (Ethernet LAN) is a logical part of the network that emits data to another device.(Symatech, 2010) DOMAINS Figure This diagram shows the 2Broadcast domains in Green and the 5collision domains in Red. Table This table shows the ISO-OSI layers and the domains. Layer ISO-OSI Layers Whats processed Domain Devices 7 Application Layer Ports, sockets Interaction 6 Presentation Layer Format, encoding Translation 5 Session Layer Messages, communication Controls Dialogue 4 Transport Layer TCP segment Data transfer 3 Network Layer IP Packet, IP Address Broadcast domains. Layer 3 devices stop the flow of broadcast domains IP address, Router, level 3 switch 2 Data Link Layer Frame, Interface cards, adapters Single separated Collision, one single broadcast domain also created. Layer two network devices can divide collision domains. Switches, Bridges 1 Physical Layer Bit Stream Single Broadcast and Collision HUB, Repeaters 7. Von Neumanns architecture comprises of the four main components,see diagram below. This is used in current computers lay the foundation to what is known as the Little Man Computer'(Englander, 2010)the essential criteria for this architecture is the memory which has a stored program concept (Englander, 2010) which allows the programs to be edited. It stores the address in a sequenced address order which has its own memory slot and traced by unique location number. Memory- consists of RAM to store programs and data Control unit is used to fetch information from memory and decodes it and performs operations to complete the task Arithmetic unit performs mathematical calculations Input/output is the interface with the human operator Figure diagram of Von Neumanns Computer Architecture http://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp An example of entering and adding two numbers is as follows: Take first number and input (the number is now stored in the calculator) store the number (this is stored in memory slot and number is left on calculator) -Input second number (2nd number replace first in calculator) Add first number to second (fetch 1st number from stored address location and add to number in calculator) Display/output result 8. 32 bitswide or 4 Bytes can address 4Gigabytes of memory = 4 (232 = 4,294,967,296). AMD introduced the first 32 bit flash memory device on 5th August 2001 which would allow systems to run 8 x faster than those using standard flash memory. (Advanced Micro Devices Incorporated, 2010). 9. Volatile memory is a term derived from the Latin word volatilis which translated means to fly. This terminology is applied to something that is unpredictable; subject to change; unstable or hostile. The RAM (Random Access Memory) in a computer istemporary (volatile storage), as the information stored is obliterated when the power is either switched off or interrupted, as power is required to retain information stored on the machines memory. Non Volatile memory (NVRAM) is not deleted when the connection between the memory and the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is lost. Devices such as memory disksor hard disk drivesstore informationpermanently untilit is no longer required by the user. RAM, DRAM, SRAM are all forms of volatile memory and ROM and Flash memory are non-volatile forms of memory. Flash memory is widely used in the Automobile manufacturing industries, for car applications to work efficiently. Some cars contain MCUs chips (Microcontrollers), where program functionality are stored using non-volatile memory on the MCU, allowingcar functionality to work correctly such as Cruise control, air bag safety mechanism, engine controls and temperatures.(International Engineering Consortium, 2006)It could be crucial if this information plus vital safety checks were erased every time avehicle is switched off! 10. Figure Data Flow Diagram showing Mixed number in a base other than 10 converted to a Decimal. (Englander, Number Systems, 2010) Display Answer Display Integer and Decimal parts together Convert Fractional Part to base 10 Convert Integer part to decimal Split into Integer number and Fractional parts Start with Mixed number Mixed Number = whole number + fraction Another way to convert a mixed number into a decimal is as follows:- Answer = 2.88 Round answer to two decimal places 2.875 23/8 To get Decimal Divide numerator by denominator Rewrite improper fraction with numerator on top 8 x 2 x 7 Turn mixed number into improper fraction 2 7/8 Start with Mixed number Mixed Number = whole number + fraction

The role of religion in society | Reflective piece

The role of religion in society | Reflective piece Growing up in a strong Christian household, my parents always emphasized the importance of helping others. My father was a Methodist Minister at three local churches and encouraged my family to take part in the community. He was very active in the Urban Missions Christian Care Center located in Watertown N.Y, participated in Bridge meetings (an alternative to incarceration program), and was also the founder of the Watertown N.Y based Wheels to Work Program. I remember as a young child having my dad come home with the look of pure joy on his face when he gave his first car away to a single mom. I was so amazed how he could literally transform the lives of individuals through his ministry and participation in the community. One of my fondest memories as a child was going to the Urban Mission with my dad on the weekends and just following him around. The Urban Mission offers many great services to individuals in need such as a food pantry, thrift store, critical needs assistance, housin g assistance, and the Christian Care Center, which provides a place of caring and acceptance. It was always wonderful seeing the joy on the recipients faces after receiving such services. My dad definitely set the foundation for my interest in the social work profession. Up until my dad died in 2005, I would often volunteer my time at picnics that my dad hosted for families in need, primarily those with little or no income who were regular visitors at the Christian Care Center. I enjoyed preparing food for the picnics because I knew how much these individuals looked forward to a cooked meal. During the picnic, I loved socializing with teens my age. At first I was uncomfortable because I did not know what to expect from someone whose lifestyle differed so much from mine. But soon I determined that these individuals were not that different from myself. Yes, they were less fortunate than I, some were even homeless, but these girls still had the same aspirations and goals as I did, still enjoyed the same activities, and still needed someone they could relate with. I realized how much of a difference I was making just by looking past our differences and embracing our similarities. From that point I recognized the true importance of treating others with di gnity, regardless of their lifestyle. Eventually, I realized that I, like my dad, had developed a genuine passion for helping others. Upon entering 12th grade, I knew that I wanted to enter the human services profession. I originally wanted to become a Licensed Mental Health Counselor, so I did my undergraduate work in psychology. But I soon realized that the MSW degree was a more effective degree for my career choice. My ultimate goal is to become a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a concentration in Mental Health, and open a private practice. Currently, treatment by LMHCs is not covered by insurance. Therefore, becoming a LCSW is the better option for me because in regards to treatment, I will be able to bill insurance, which will make my services more affordable. In addition, opening a private practice will allow me to be financially flexible with those who do not have insurance. It is extremely important to me to help those with low income and give them the option to take advantage of such services. Inadequate resources is a huge social problem faced by many, primarily those with low income. I feel as though everyone has the potential to improve their overall well-being if the proper resources are available. However, all too often, certain resources such as counseling are not available financially to those with low income. Without these resources, many individuals may not have the chance to reach their highest potential and become productive members of society. That is why I have a passion to enter the Social Work field, and provide beneficial services to those even in the low income population. Another major social problem is that there is a strong stigma attached to mental illness. Many believe that having a mental disorder such as depression is attached to personal weakness. As a result, those suffering from mental illness are sometimes reluctant to seek out treatment. I strongly affirm that it is important for society not to label individuals with mental illness. I personally encourage others not to define people as their illness but to see their illness as just a part of who they are. Thankfully, religious institutions have a role in society in promoting social and economic justice, by providing behavioral guidelines and offering moral support. The Methodist churches that I have been a part of growing up were non-judgmental and worked to provide social equality. As a teen, I was able to experience the diverse community of the congregation at my church. The organist of the church was gay but the congregation did not discriminate against him. Not all churches accept homosexuality, but my dad lived by the rule that you should treat others how you want to be treated. He emphasized the fact that you do not have to support their lifestyle, but you still need to treat them with dignity and respect. He was very accepting, and encouraged our family to be the same way. He always enforced living by the Ten Commandments, which gave our family a solid Judeo-Christian foundation. My dad definitely had an extraordinary influence on how I live my life today. Religion was and stil l is an important aspect of my family, and these values have continued with me throughout my adult life. I strongly believe that my solid family and religious foundation has enabled me to acquire characteristics, which will help me succeed in the Social Work field. One characteristic I am blessed with is empathy. I am able to understand others emotions and feelings and convey my understanding of how they are feeling. My parents always said when I was younger, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“How would you feel if you were in his/her shoes?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  I often think of that statement, and I do put myself in others shoes and I am able to understand what others are feeling. In regards to counseling, I believe empathy is an important characteristic because it allows the client to feel heard and understood. Empathy will help me as a counselor to connect with my clients. I also believe that I have exceptional communication skills. One strong component of communication that I often demonstrate is active listening. I believe this will be beneficial in a counseling setting because it will allow me to interpre t what the client is saying and as a result will enable me to deliver a beneficial response. Most importantly, active listening is important in the counseling setting because it will enable the client to develop trust and respect for me as their counselor. Aside from my strengths, I also have areas in which I need to grow and change. One weakness of mine is that I often find it difficult to establish boundaries. I believe that being able to set up boundaries in the Social Work profession, especially counseling is critical. My main problem is not being able to say no to individuals. I feel as though if I say no to people, they will be disappointed and I therefore, will experience a strong sense of guilt. However, with the direct practice offered at Roberts Wesleyan College, I believe I can transform my weaknesses and learn effective ways of setting up boundaries. I believe that the ability to set boundaries relies on self-confidence. At Roberts Wesleyan College, I know I will be able to develop a stronger sense of self-confidence through the compassionate and supportive environment. Based on the Christian context offered at Roberts, I trust that my weaknesses will be accepted and my strengths will be recognized which will ultimately lea d to my growth and development. Overall, Im convinced that the MSW program offered at Roberts Wesleyan College is the best program for me. I believe aside from my determination, my current GPA reflects my ability to succeed. My grades have placed me on the Presidents list for the last two semesters here at Potsdam. I know that graduate level work will be challenging, but with my motivation and determination I have faith that I can succeed. I am determined to get accepted into the best MSW program, which I believe is offered at Roberts Wesleyan College. Education and religion have always been important to my family and I. I know that my dad would truly be proud to have a daughter attending Roberts Wesleyan College, which offers a solid education foundation along with a Christian context. I know this is the best college for me and will ultimately allow me to achieve to my fullest potential and improve my overall well-being.

Hydrolysis of Oxoanions :: essays research papers

Hydrolysis of Oxoanions Nonmetals in positive oxidation states do not exist in aqueous solution as cations but rather as hydroxides or oxides. These species often act as oxo acids which ionize to form oxoanions in solution. The general form of an oxoanion is MOxy-. Since these oxoanions are quite different in their properties, Z2/r ratios for nonmetal cations do not give accurate predictions of their chemical behavior. A different approach is needed to determine what these elements will do when they are dissolved in water. Oxo Anion Hydrolysis Like cations, oxoanions are hydrated in aqueous solution. In this case the electrostatic attraction is between the electron pairs on the oxoanion oxygen atoms and the partially positive hydrogen atoms of the water molecule. The hydration of oxoanions is an exothermic process. The hydration energy is dependent on the charge and size of the oxoanion. Hydration energies increase with increasing charge and decreasing anion size. As with cations, if the interaction between the anion and the hydrogen of the water is sufficiently strong, the hydrogen can be removed from the water generating a hydroxide ion resulting in a basic solution. MOxy- + H2O [MO(x-1)OH](y-1)- + OH- The equilibrium constant for this reaction is the base ionization constant, Kb. Base ionization constants are tabulated as pKbs. Successive ionizations are listed as pKb1, pKb2, etc. The larger the pKb value the lesser the degree of ionization and the weaker base the oxoanion is. When determining the acidities of metal cations, three variable are important -- charge, size and electronegativity of the cation. When determining the basicity of an oxo anion, the size of the nonmetal atom (or high oxidation state metal atom) is not relevant. This central metal atom is significantly smaller than the multiple oxygen atoms in the anion. Therefore, different central atoms bearing the same number of oxygens will be very close in size. Effect of Charge on Basicity Increasing charge on an anion increases its tendency to hydrolyze and form basic solutions. pKb Values For Some Oxoanions Anion pKb1 pKb2 pKb3 H3AsO4 10.5 6.8 1.5 H3PO4 11.88 6.8 2 H2SeO3 11.43 7.4 H4GeO4 5.41 1 The table above shows that the pKb values of an oxoanion decrease by 4-5 units for each additional negative charge on the anion. Thus, increasing the negative charge substantially increases the anion's basicity. Effect of Number of Oxygen Groups Since most nonmetals exhibit more than one oxidation state, they can form oxoanions that differ in the number of oxygens bonded to the metal.

Childhood Obesity Essay -- Health Care, Diseases

"Today, about one in three American kids and teens are overweight or obese; nearly triple the rate from 1983. With good reason, childhood obesity is now the Number 1 health concern among parents in the United States, topping drug abuse and smoking. If current trends continue, today’s kids could be the first generation to live shorter lives than their parents" (Clinton, para. 3 2011). Children may not understand the complexities of food intake or obesity but they continue to be affected by the issue. The reality is that if a parent enables their kids to make poor eating choices as children; they will struggle as adults to make the right eating choices. Many factors contribute to childhood obesity but the major factors are living sedentary lifestyles along with poor nutrition and over consumption of fatty foods. Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language defines obese as excessively fat; corpulent (bulkiness or largeness of body); overweight. According Charles Stuart Platkin, PhD, (2009) the child's Body Mass Index (BMI)-the number calculated from a person's weight and height- provides a reliable indicator of body fatness. A person's body fat percentage is the total weight of the person's fat divided by the person's weight and consists of essential body fat and storage body fat. A child’s BMI is calculated to asses there weight to make sure children are healthy at there current status. Based on research from the American Heart Association (2011) 23.4 million children ages two to nineteen are overweight and obese. 12.3 million of those children are males and 11.1 million are females. There is no debate about whether childhood obesity is a problem in the United States. The debate should begin with ackno... ...mputer or playing video games" (Childhood Obesity, 2011, p. 1) Considering a child is in school for approximately six to seven hours a day and is playing video games or watching TV four to five hours a day there is very little time left for physical activity that often gets neglected. Obesity often appears with children who consume far more calories than they can burn off. . It would take an averaged sized person, running at a pace of 10 minutes per mile, one hour to burn off all 620 calories consumed in the mighty mcnugget meal at McDonald’s. (Natural bodybuilding, 2011) Kids nowadays prefer watching SpongeBob Square Pants or nickelodeons cartoon network verse taking part in outdoor activities. An easy resolution in avoiding obesity issues among young children is to make time everyday for active activities and limit the amount of time the child sit stationery.

Co-education Female Essay

The debatable issue on Co-education is continually progressing through the State and convincing parents and teachers that sex-separation will reveal a sign of improvement in student’s lives. In the United States, teamwork is a massive aspect in people’s lives where both girls and boys work together in order to achieve their goal , however, both articles provide informative proves that co-education could result in failure because of the different stereotypes in society. The debate mainly focuses on the separation of both sexes in school since â€Å"there is no extra cost. The debate also catches the reader’s attention by the different research that many scientists did in order to prove a fair result that will satisfy the parents and teachers. The separation of sexes in school could result in improvement of education and behavior with boys and girls. Based on Jennifer Medina’s article, teachers will face less problems if both sexes are separated since the boys will tend to focus more on learning than on girls, in addition, girls will tend to feel more comfortable participating in class. Co-education will also result in good teamwork especially in the outside community because both girls and boys will learn to communicate. However, from the boy’s point of view, they will tend to be more comfortable in expressing themselves and learn about â€Å"being a man† in their own bodies. In addition to those articles, the media will affect the parents and the teachers around the state because of highly known and educative people in society. For example, Leonard Sax who is a best seller author of Why Gender Matters and Michael Sax argues about single sex with a huge audience in order to prove their facts about the separation and the importance of it. In contrast, both sex educations could also result in improvement around the state and in schools because boys and girls will learn to communicate together and work hard as one community. In addition, many authors and scientist were seeking for evidence in order to prove that Co-education could be for the good of their community. For example, a research on Bronx’s Eagle school stated that both sexes’ classes tend to have higher test scores around the state and tend to receive high percentages in their community. Both sexes will also learn and appreciate that both sexes are important in everyone’s lives since they communicate and work together outside of the learning community. Researchers also proved that working together as both sexes will also result a sign improvement in teamwork because many girls tend to be left out in single-sex schools in teamwork projects. Comparatively, Co-Education and single education also have their problems in society because of their lack of certain teachings in schools. For example , a study showed that girls tend to be smarter than boys and tend to solve math and science faster and more accurate since there are different brains and each person have a different sign of knowledge and personality. However, since girls are smarter, they tend to ask for more detailed teachings and writing scripts since they will have more things to explain in their writing assignment. When in contrast, boys have to write about a simple sport or a job they seek for in order to prepare them for the future. Although, teachers who support single education tend to have other opinions toward their ways of teaching. For example, Mr. Napolitano claims that he is more comfortable in expressing his feelings and thoughts while teaching to single sex classrooms because the boys will tend to have the same situation. In addition he also shows a book called Patrol Boy in order to show boys that having a tattoo is not a material they should use in co-ed class. In conclusion, this debate tends to prove that single education will show more improvements since the media tend to support it and also the teachers. The reasons that parents should choose single education is because they will improve economically and also their students will face less behavior problems and more school focused. However, co-ed schools tend to have higher scores and will teach the students to work together in order to improve their speech especially outside in society since they will be working together as one team. Both articles prove that both educations will result in bonding together as students and as teachers in this society because at the end of this debate both classrooms will be teaching and learning in the states.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Punishment versus Rehabilitation Essay

Comparing the Effectiveness of Punishment versus neatenationAJS/502Comparing the Effectiveness of Punishment versus replacement Two objectives in the barbarous jurist system argon that of refilling and visitment, and party reserves high expectations the system pass on live up to those expectations. Every ace in the criminal exclusivelyice field and the public hand images and opinions on what allow for work and what will non work when it comes duration to penalize or restore criminals, and there ar pros and cons to this hand. The replacement of prison house houseers is focused on reforming the offenders nature to non reoffend and takes place both interior the prison and just abouttimes after the offender has been released. In the prisons offenders find the opportunity to reform themselves by participating in the computer programmes much(prenominal) as drug abuse, anger management, former(a) positive programs, and receiving an education. Once released econ omic aid keep backs for the offenders by probation services, and former(a) services to ease the variation into the community. Rehabilitation in prisons had non been prospering as expected delinquent to overcrowding alter the focus of renewal for offenders. Crowded classrooms admonish offenders to attend, but is besides an opportunity for offenders to press out out each violent acts toward separate offenders.This also places instructors in danger, therefor rehabilitation classes are no longer provided. virtually other downfall for not having successful rehabilitation in prisons is longer sentences, lack of education, and offenders pitiful from social skills or psychological problems. The idea that prisons are not intended to rehabilitate but rather only to punish criminals and to protect the public retain the keep up of society in rough(a) areas. condescension offenders having retained some rehabilitation in prison it is difficult for some offenders to push their re habilitation programs because of the attitudes of society. Although there are programs to help former inmates to reenter society, and to stop the rehabilitation programs, some former inmates choose not to continue those programs. Depending on the conditions of release, refusing to continue any rehabilitation may cause the offender toreenter into the prison system. Upon release and depending on the conditions of release some offenders need to maintain a job. Unfortunately, some employers are reluctant to hire convicted felons, which relegate former inmates jobless and homeless spark advance to them to reoffend, and going back into prison. Robert Martinson, a natural York sociologist along with his two colleagues, Dr. Doug Lipton and Ms. Judith Wilks reviewed rehabilitation evaluations and Martinson entirely print the word. The article brought more distrusts than answers in prison reform.The name of the article was published in a journal The humans Interest entitled What Work s? Questions and Answers some prison house Reform. Martinson believed reform was not working, and suggested the education and the programs provided for prisoners were simply not smashing enough. He believed there were f equitys in the rehabilitation or prisoners did not have the tycoon to be reformed. The article brought people to question what kit and caboodle therefore adopting the nickname to the article What Works?. Throughout the years Martinson would continue to write about recidivism and refute himself in saying yes rehabilitation does work. The article make such an encroachment the US peremptory Court upheld federal sentencing guidelines regarding rehabilitation at the sentencing phase in the Mistretta v. United States (Sarre, 2001). The turn out of Martinsons articles brought about more debate and more research therefor final to meta-analysis of prisoner rehabilitation. Meta-analysis study other studiesin this case, studies that test the rough-and-readyness of var ious programs of punitive treatment. Meta-analysis are coded in the way they are researched. For example, age, crime, punishment, education and several other tabs smoke be added depending on the research. Some scholars have found meta-analysis to be misused and not have accurate information. Although there are contradictions to mete-analysis, it helps in adding the correctional institutions in what works and what doesnt work (Gendreau, Little, & Goggin, 1996). In other studies two recent articles Kovandzic, Vieraitis, and Boots (2009) and subvert, Teske, and Zheng (2009) show the impact of deterrence in the goal penalization. both articles conducted a study over 50 states on deterrence by the death penalization.The Kovandzic article (2009) found the death penalty does not deter murder and the Land et al article(2009) represents a small total of deterrence does have an effect for a short time but consequently the deterrence declines (Land, Teske, & Zheng,2012). If the death p enalty does not have an effect on recidivism what will? Bible- found rehabilitation programs may have some success. In 2006 the Federal Bureau of Prisons announce to suspend religious-based programs oddly the announcement came a few weeks after Iowa discovered prison ministries were violating the system Law of the United States of The Constitution. The Establishment Law simply states the institution shall not interfere with or discriminate against religious belief or religious beliefs. In January 2009, professorship Bush established the Faith-Based and Community scuttle shortly after the FBP take away it. The InnerChange course of study in Iowa bleakton Facility was also revoked in 2002 by Walter Kip Kautzky, he later reluctantly reinstated the program due to budget cuts on paid programs.The supercede Program and the Prison Fellowship Ministries offered 24 hour 7 treatment. Inmates were recruited by the InnerChange program and were encouraged to sign an agreement clause an d were introduced to the InnerChange four phase programs. stage one includes the educational, substance abuse programs and bible based programs. Phase two inmates are introduced to transitioning from prison life to life on the outside. Phase threesome and four include work-release programs and incoming to society such as conclusion housing and employment. Phase five inmates are taking religion and practice what they canvas all year (Odle, 2006). The strikes law was study extensively by several scholars to specialize if in fact it was effective. In the 1990s the three strikes law was implemented and designed to deter criminals from reoffending by imposing harsher sentences for those with front convictions. Multiple studies were conducted through a time series design along with UCR information from over 100 cities from 1980 to 2000.Two findings were think three strike laws were connected with the states implementing the three strike laws and those states did not witness any r eduction in crime (Kovandzic, Sloan, & Vieraitis, 2004). In combating crime according to my findings, rehabilitation is just as much as effective as punishment. Martinsons article and the meta-analysis research articles are not specific as to what really works. Programs like the InnerChange Program and the Prison Ministries could be slightly effective compared with the three-strike law and vice versa. The Bible based programs were removed then reinstated. This shows a some electromotive force of success from the program although the studies show it do not reduce recidivism. The death penaltyshowed as much deterrence as the other programs. Ultimately, if an individual is unbidden to do the crime then he is willing to do the crime. There is the key in itself, the willingness of the individual to not commit the offense.ReferencesGendreau, P., Little, T., & Goggin, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism What works Criminology, 34(4), 575-607. Retriev ed from http//search.proquest.com/docview/220697595?accountid=35812 Kovandzic, T. V., Sloan, J. J., & Vieraitis, L. M. (2004). bang OUT AS CRIME decrease POLICY THE IMPACT OF THREE STRIKES LAWS ON CRIME RATES IN U.S. CITIES. justice Quarterly JQ, 21(2), 207-239. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/228164858?accountid=458 Land, K. C., Teske, R. C., & Zheng, H. (2012). The Differential Short-Term Impacts of Executions on Felony and Non-Felony Homicides. Criminology & Public Policy, 11(3), 541-543. doi10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00834.x Odle, N. (2006). PRIVILEGE through with(predicate) PRAYER EXAMINING BIBLE-BASED PRISON REHABILITATION PROGRAMS infra THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE. Texas Journal on cultured Liberties & Civil Rights, 12(1), 277-311. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/207959059?accountid=458 Sarre, R. (2001). Beyond What Works? A 25-year Jubilee Restrospective of Robert Mortinsons Famous Article. Australian & New Zealand Of Criminology (Australi an Academic Press), 34(1), 1-5.