Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2240 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Media Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down? The news media has a responsibility to be objective, a responsibility it is often criticised for overlooking. Likewise the mass the media, with its huge audience, has an opportunity to educate this is not to say that commercial television should fill its schedules with GCSE Bitesize revision programmes, but that there is much to learn through great writing, great acting and great comedy, that these are popular art-forms. Most mass media products do not seize this opportunity. Instead, a trend of pandering to the (perceived) base pleasures of certain mass markets is, more often than not, apparent, a trend that can be seen to reinforce stereotypes an idea I will explore in this essay. The real question then is: does the media reach out by dumbing down, or does it pander and condescend to its audience? In answering this question I intend to examine the ascendance of reality television since the late 1990s and question why such programmes came to prominence, and to analyse th e differing approaches of various news products in their selection and presentation of the news and how this can relate to the notion of dumbing down. The often criticised emergence of reality television came about in the late 1990s as a way of cutting down production costs whilst increasing output. With its stylistic roots in the documentary format but based on the concept of reality TV, the docu-soap came to prominence, and notoriety, with the unexpected successes of shows such as Driving School, Airport and Fairground, which followed members of the public as they went about their jobs and their everyday lives. The stars of the shows often went on to enjoy minor, short-lived celebrity status, releasing pop records and guesting on other shows. The unexpected success of the programmes opened the door to mass production, and a spate of copycat shows flooded both terrestrial and subscription channels Sky One was notable for its successful Ibiza Uncovered series, following holiday-makers in the hugely popular club-based Ibiza night-life, which spawned countless Uncovered sequels. This was a dream come true for broadcasters, who had stumbled upon the schedulers Holy Grail a format that was cheap, popular, and quick to produce. The use of real people cut out the roles and the fees of writer and actor, as well as the valuable production time taken up by the writing and rehearsing process. They also cut equipment costs by the use of natural lighting and documentary style single camera format. Therefore high volumes of programmes could be churned out for little money, in little time. The criticism which arose against the docu-soap phenomenon centred upon the flimsy content of the shows, the canonisation of trivial incidents, the lack of narrative, and the lack of any documentary-style insight into the lives of the protagonists. Many of the shows tended to make unwitting fools of its stars. Others would take the most trivial elements of its star s jobs say, a routine check of an aeroplane toilet by a member of flight staff and make it a central narrative of the show. However what was perhaps particularly galling was that all of the terrestrial channels would pounce so fervently upon the fad. Of course any broadcaster has a lower end of entertainment, cheaper shows with lower production values than its flagship products, made quickly and cheaply to bulk out the schedule but the docu-soap managed to find itself straddled across the channels in prime-time slots, as well as bulking out daytime schedules. For the BBC in particular, who have such a proud history of incendiary documentary film-making and social realism this is the channel that screened Cathy Come Home (Ken Loach, 1966) this seemed to reflect far too great a willing to sacrifice standards of content. But in their presentation of real people in their real lives, were the docu-soaps reaching out to the viewing public? It could be argued that the shows reflected their audience, that they made stars out of the viewing public, turned everyday events into prime-time viewing, took genuine events from genuine lives and put on screen, and thus reflected the social realities of its audiences to a greater degree than ever before. However the stars of these shows were not comic characters penned for a cheap sitcom, they were human beings, with pasts, and families, tragedies, hopes, futures but thats not how they were presented. To the viewer, they were clowns and stooges, caricatures. The tools of the programmes may have been founded in reality, but the sum of the parts was as stripped down and simplistic as journalism can get. The plot of an episode of Airport: a member of staff going about his job. The point: mild amusement at his expense. And with the elimination of the creative process, the value of cheap, mild amusement at the expense of an unwitting stooge is hard to quantify. In truth, the shows had little more than stylis tics in common with documentary. And yet their effect is great. Whilst the docu-soap fad may have petered out, their influence can still be seen in the more recent popularity of reality antique and property make-over shows, and through its canonisation of members of the public, can even be seen to have paved the way for shows such as Big Brother and The X Factor, the new royalty of reality television. This is a reality of the digital revolution. Products such as Freeview, Sky and ITV digital compete partly on the promise of more channels with greater choice than their rivals. More channels means more shows must be put in production, and unless the company wishes to go bankrupt, that means lower production values, less experienced talent both on and off screen, and more copycat shows antique shows, reality shows, re-runs, and repeat showings. This leads to less experienced people making cheaper shows, and spreading them over a wider array of channels. So we can see tha t the dumbing down of commercial television in the wake of the digital revolution is rooted not in the value system of the entertainment industry but in the economic reality of it. Writing talent, acting talent, directing talent, production values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all these elements cost both money and time, and when cheaply and quickly produced products are just as popular, the talent becomes expendable. So what about the broadcast news, has it also undergone a process of dumbing down? Firstly, it is important to remember the role of humanity in news reportage. For example, what constitutes a news event? Is a motorway pile-up the event of the crash or the aftermath of it? Is the event of a political speech the content of the speech or the reaction to it? Journalism relies on journalists, who rely on their own skills of interpretation, and it is generally accepted that every potential news story is judged on a certain set of news values. One of the most recognised interpre tations of these values was made by Johan Galtung and Marie Holmboe Ruge in 1965. They identified eleven distinct values: This process is merely a reality of news reportage: not every event that happens in the world can be covered, and so events must be judged on their importance. However problems can arise when this intangible importance becomes linked not to theoretical values, but to the perceived values of a generalised target audience. In a News night investigation into the process of selecting stories for news coverage (screened in October 1999, BBC 2), a journalist from the News Of The World told the film crew that a story about white youths dying from drugs sold to them by a black man was more likely to be reported by their newspaper than a story about black youths dying from drugs sold to them by a white man. This is based on the assumption by the newspaper that their audience is not interested in the problems of drug culture affecting the black community, where as the representation of non-whites selling drugs to white youths reinforces racial stereotypes, and as such are more appealing, less challenging, and provide a greater sales guarantee. This is not just dumbing down, it is systemised media bias; it is a news service that bases its reportage on reinforcing stereotypical values of a massively generalised target audience in order to maintain circulation, and hence, profit. Even if the News Of The World have judged their audience correctly, it speaks of a worrying cycle of ignorance if their audience members characterise non-whites as detrimental to whites, and their news reinforces this, how can they be expected to change their views? So we can see that journalistic practice runs into serious problems when it considers its target audience in its methods of reportage. This is a particular problem for commercial television stations, who garner almost all their profits from advertising sales sales which rely on the selling of a target market, one which is shared by the channel and its potential advertisers. What then happens if a certain news story does not appeal to a news products target market is it tailored to be more attractive? Is it left out altogether? If the news product does not suit its target market, ratings drop, and advertisers pull out. ITV is a channel which survives on accessibility, so if its news is not accessible, does not reflect the tone and style of the rest of its programming, it risks losing viewers. Let us examine the coverage of the first annual May Day protests in London. In May 2000 Trafalgar Square was occupied by members of the anti-globalisation protest group Reclaim the Streets, in protest against the practices of multinational corporations and the climate of brand power. As the demonstrations went on, a small minority of vandals along for the ride embarked on a low-scale wave of petty violence, which was denounced by RTS as contrary to their values. RTS are a young political group, tapping into the youth culture trends of anti-capitalism and the deification of counterculture. Looking at the scenes of the protestors, they were young men and women, almost to a head in the 18-25 age group. The only terrestrial news channel to give any air-time to a member of Reclaim The Streets, or to even mention their name, was Channel 4 the channel whose programming is aimed at the youth market to a greater degree than the others in fact a channel who is contradictorily required to be alternative. The BBC news focused on the graffiti tagging of the Cenotaph, and ITV news focused on the small-scale vandalism and violence incited by a small minority of protestors who had crashed the party. Both news products characterised the protestors as anarchists and rioters (true of just a tiny minority). In this case, it is not hard to see how each news products target audience affected the reporting of the event. On the other hand, Select, an alternative mu sic magazine, ran a 12 page special on the inspiration behind the protests, the base of the issues at the heart of Reclaim the Streets, and interviewed popular protagonists of the anti-capitalist sub-culture comedian Mark Thomas and theorist Naomi Klein. This does not necessarily suggest a greater moral credibility on the part of Select, but simply that they were in a position to make such a report. The style and tone fitted in perfectly with their target market, and the piece also ran interviews with various alternative musicians, such as Zack De La Rocha of politically outspoken anti-capitalist funk-rock group Rage Against The Machine. So whilst all of the terrestrial television news programmes can be seen to be dumbing down the event, it would be more accurate to say that they were catering their product to the perceived expectations of their target market, and Select did exactly the same. It is hard to see the BBC devoting 10 minutes of a 30 minutes broadcast to a hist ory of anti-capitalist theory and demonstration, but on the other hand this is a channel that recently gave prime-time half-hour debates to the leaders of the three major political parties in the run-up to the general election. Select gave comprehensive coverage to the history of RTS and the theory behind the demonstration, but they may not have given so many column inches to, for instance, a pro-hunting group. Their coverage may have been more in depth and comprehensive on the May Day protests, but in the same way as the BBC and Channel 4, they covered what would sell. So then we can see that dumbing down, within news reporting at least, perhaps has less to do with appealing to the lowest common denominator and more to do with appealing to a target audience. This can be seen to be a rather exclusive approach appealing to a particular, and generalised, target audience excludes audience members who do not ascribe to the values of the target audience, and in this way we can see how popular news reinforces social stereotypes. It is, for instance, a rather galling assumption that a viewer of the BBC news is less interested in the motivations behind a political demonstration from a peaceful political group (who denounced the small-scale vandalism of a small minority as being contrary to their protest at least they did when given air-time), than a stereotyped representation of anarchic youths run amok. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Popular Journalism Reach Out or Dumb Down" essay for you Create order

Challenge For The International Free Trade Era - 1415 Words

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John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1365 Words

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Scientific Method and Naturalistic Observation Essay Sample free essay sample

Research. systematic enquiry aimed at the find of new cognition. is a cardinal ingredient of the scientific method in psychological science. It provides the key to understanding the grade to which hypotheses ( and the theories behind them ) are accurate. Merely as we can use different theories and hypotheses to explicate the same phenomena. we can utilize a figure of alternate methods to carry on research. In this exercising. you will larn more about several methods of research that psychologists use to derive new cognition about human behaviour and ethical concerns psychologists face when carry oning research. 1. You are carry oning research on sex differences in e-mails. Your hypothesis is that work forces use more declaratory statements and adult females use more inquiries. Answer each of the undermentioned inquiries. * What might be the advantages of utilizing the archival method? * What might be the disadvantages of utilizing the archival method? 2. Now imagine that you are carry oning research on the length of clip it takes clients to choose points in a food market shop. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Method and Naturalistic Observation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Assume that your hypothesis is that people will pass more clip make up ones minding on more expensive points than on cheaper points. * What might be the advantages of utilizing realistic observation? * What might be the disadvantages of utilizing realistic observation? 3. You have decided to carry on a study on whether a given political campaigner will be popular with Latino electors. * What is an advantage of the study method? * What is a disadvantage of the study method? 4. You have decided to utilize the instance survey method to look into a mother’s experience in raising a kid with autism. * What is an advantage of the instance survey method? * What is a disadvantage of the instance survey method? 5. When carry oning research what are some of the ethical concerns that must be addressed?

Rheumatoid Arthritis an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Rheumatoid Arthritis Introduction The term rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was first proposed by A.B. Garrod in 1858 (Wyngaarde, JB. 1992). It is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease predominantly affecting freely movable joints and frequently a variety of organs. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the joints because of the essential role of the synovium in regulating inflammation (Lipsky PE, 2007). RA occurs worldwide in all ethnics groups. The peak incidence of onset is between the 4th and 6th decade, but may begin at any time from childhood to later life. It affects up to 1% of the worlds population and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (Buch M, 2002). Anthropologic evidence of RA has been found in the New World, but not the Old World skeletons proposing, but no proven that an etiologic agent was carried to Europe by explorers of the Americas. Females are 2-4 times more likely to be affected than males (Koopman WJ, 2001). Nothing was known about RA before the early 19th century. And to this date, the etiology of RA is unclear, and there exists no known specific diagnostic test for it. Need essay sample on "Rheumatoid Arthritis" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed University Students Usually Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay now? Essay writer professionals propose: Rely On Our Help In Essay Writing Essay Helper Buy College Papers Online Cheap Essays Cheap Essay Help Etiology Various articles postulate that a genetically susceptible host is exposed to an unknown pathogen (antigen), and that this interaction gives rise to a persistent immunological response (Buch M, 2002). Three areas of interrelated research seem to be most promising: 1) host genetic factors, 2) immuno-regulatory abnormalities and autoimmunity, and 3) a triggering or persisting microbial infection. Genetic abnormalities in RA has clearly been demonstrated. The disease clusters in families and occurs more frequently in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins with genetic factors accounting for up to 60%of disease succeptibility. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele (and encoded antigen) HLA-DR4 (HLA, Human Lymphocyte Antigen) is significantly increased in RA patients in most populations (Arnett, 1992). Arnett explains also that this tissue type is shown to be correlated with rheumatoid factor (FR) titer, severe destruction of joints documented on x-ray, rheumatoid lung disease and Feltys syndrome. \Rheumatoid arthritis appears to be an autoimmune disease similar to other major histocompatibility complex diseases. Components of the immune system attack the soft tissue that lines the joints and can also attack connective tissue in many other parts of the body, such as the blood vessels and lungs. Eventually, the cartilage, bone, and ligaments of the joint erode, causing deformity, instability, and scarring within the joint. The joints deteriorate at a highly variable rate. Many factors, including genetic predisposition, may influence the pattern of the disease. An infectious origin for RA has been a controversial hypothesis. Organisms such as Strptococci, diptheroids, mycoplasmas and Clostridium perfringens have all played a part in this controversy and later on discarded because of lack of evidence. Rubella, Ross River Virus and parvovirus have been shown to produce an acute polyarthritis, but still there is no evidence that they initiate chronic RA. The Epstein Barr virus at present still remains a viable but unproven candidate for a pathogenic role. Pathogenesis The pathologic hallmark of RA is synovial membrane proliferation and outgrowth associated with erosion of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The earliest findings would be microvasculature injury and moderate proliferation of synovial cells. The article of Lipsky in the New England Journal of Medicine describes the pathogenesis as a dramatic increase in the number of cells in the lining layer, and the sublining layer becomes infiltrated with inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells. But the behavior of the inflammatory cells has not been delineated in great detail. Cellular and humoral immune mechanism roles in the rheumatoid synovium have been proposed theories, and both have immunologic findings to support the theories (Bush M, 2002). A cellular mechanism would involve activation of infiltrating T lymphocytes by some unknown antigen presented by DR-positive cells. Humoral mechanisms are supported by the demonstration of local RF production within the synovium, the formation of IgM-IgG immune complexes, and activation and consumption of complement via the classic pathway. Antigen-antibody complexes formed within the joint cavity can become trapped in hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, where they cause changes in matrix macromolecules. The ultimate destruction of cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments probably results from a variety of proteolytic enzymes, metalloproteinases, and soluble mediators. Collagenase is probably largely responsible for the typical erosions after its activation by plasmin. Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis The general features of RA include synovitis of the synovial joints and deformity. As mentioned in the pathogenesis, RA is due to an abnormal immune reaction associated with constitutional symptoms which can affect the other organ systems as well. However the joint synovitis leading to arthritis affecting multiple joints remains the key clinical feature in RA. The onset of RA among different individuals is highly variable. In the majority, it takes weeks or months for the joint pain and stiffness to develop. It involves one or more small joints of the hands, wrists, shoulders, or knees and/or the metatarsophalangeal joints. The course of RA, like its onset, also varies widely. Fluctuating disease activity in the disease process is usual. Some patients may have a relentlessly progressive course leading to early disability or even death, but repeated periods of some degree of remission are the rule. Assessment of functional capacity is frequently necessary in the RA patient. The classification for this is as follows: Class I: No restriction of ability to perform normal activities; Class II: Moderate restriction, but with an ability to perform most activities of daily living; Class III: Marked restriction, with an ability to perform most activities of daily living and occupation; Class IV: Incapacitation with confinement to bed or wheelchair (Arnett FC, 1992). Differential Diagnosis Some of the differential diagnosis of RA include Acute viral arthritis, sarcoidosis, SLE, polyarticular gout, erosive osteoarthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, polymyositis and calcium pyrophosphate disease. These are differentiated by the presence or absence of subcutaneous nodules and the rheumatoid factor. The findings of subcutaneous nodules and the presence of rheumatoid factor are useful but not specific differential features. To establish a more definite diagnosis, a complete medical evaluation, often including synovial fluid analysis is essential in all patients with joint manifestations. Articular Manifestations: RA can affect any diarthroidal joint such as the hands, wrists, knees, and feet. It may progress to involve the elbows, shoulders, sternoclavicular joints, hips and ankles. Spinal involvement in always limited to the cervical vertebrae. Extra-Articular Manifestations: Non-specific symptoms like malaise, fatigue, weakness, low-grade fever and mild lymphadenopathy are common in RA. The extra-articular sites include the skin, as subcutaneous nodules, in the heart as pericardial disease, in the lungs as rheumatoid pleural disease, and neurologic manifestations as compression of nerves such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Radiologic findings: Radiologic hallmarks of RA include periarticular osteoporosis and focal bone erosions at the joint margins (Lipsky PE, 2005)(Buch M, 2002). Studies attempting to identify the mechanisms underlying the development of focal bone erosions have demonstrated that osteoclasts, predominantly, mediate the bone resorptive process. Laboratory Features Immunological studies are required when RA is being clinically suspected. Tests for rheumatoid factor is always requested. A negative RF does not rule out RA; rather, the arthritis is called seronegative. Rheumatoid factor is frequently negative during the first year of illness. Eventually, about 80% of patients eventually convert to seropositive. A chronic normocytic, normochromic anemia with hematocrit values from 30 to 35% is common. Both serum iron levels and iron-binding capacity are low. The WBC count and differentials are normal, but eosinophilia may occur as the disease progresses. The platelet maybe elevated due the diseases chronicity. Synovial fluid analysis shows a poor mucin clot test and WBC count may be in the range of 5000 to 20,000 per cubic meter. Synovial glucose is usually normal (Arnett FC, 1992). Management Objectives of management include 1) relief of pain, 2) reduction of inflammation, 3) minimizing undesirable side effects, 4) preservation of muscle strength and joint function, and 5) returning to a normal lifestyle. Basic initial program that achieves these objectives consists of 1) adequate rest, 2) adequate anti-inflammatory agents, and 3) physical measures to maintain joint function (Arnett FC, 1992). These can only be accomplished by the patient through graded exercise program. Quality of life is very important in these patients. Health care quality appears to be suboptimal for arthritis, co-morbid disease, and health care maintenance (MacLean CH, 2000). It was observed that patterns of care that included relevant specialists were associated with substantially higher quality. Patterns that included generalists were associated with substantially higher quality health care maintenance than patterns that included neither a generalist nor a relevant specialist. The optimal roles of primary care physicians and specialists in the care of patients with complex conditions should be reassessed (MacLean CH, 2000). Therapeutics Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Anti-inflammatory drug use is critical to the therapeutic program of the RA patient. Salicylates are inexpensive, generally well-tolerated and effective in controlling inflammation of RA. A constant serum blood level of 20 to 30 mg per deciliter is required. Many other NSAIDs are available and equally effective for RA treatment. New drugs for the treatment of RA include oral leflunomide, subcutaneous injection of either etanercept, adalimumab or anakinra, and intravenous infusion of infliximab (Olsen NJ, 2004). Research Frontiers Significant progress in the pathogenesis of RA has been achieved. Likewise effective new therapy agents have been introduces and tested. Advances for the next 25 years is anticipated, including delineation of the genetic basis of disease susceptibility and severity, genetic definition of disease subtypes that differ in severity and response to therapy, and prompt initiation of effective individualized treatment based on genetic and environmental assessment. Reconstructive surgery will become increasingly unnecessary and the morbidity, economic burden, and mortality due to RA will be reduced substantially (Koopman WJ, 2001). References Arnett FC. Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Wyngaarde, JB, Smith LH, Bennett JC, eds. Cecil textbook of medicine, Principles of diagnosis and management, 19th Ed., W.B. Saunders Company, 1992:1508-15. Buch M, Emery P. The Aetiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Hospital Pharmacist. 2002:9:5-10 Koopman, WJ. Prospects for Autoimmune Disease: Research Advances in Rheumatoid Arthritis. JAMA. 2001;285:648-650 Lipsky PE. Rheumatoid arthritis. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrisons principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005:1968-77. Lipsky, PE. Why Does Rheumatoid Arthritis Involve the Joints? N Engl J Med. 2007:356;23, 2419-20 MacLean CH, Louie R, Leake B, McCaffrey DF, Paulus HE, Brook RH, Shekelle PG. Quality of Care for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. JAMA, 2000;284:8 Olsen NJ, Stein CM. New Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis, N Engl J Med 2004;350:2167-79.

Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Essays

Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Essays Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Paper Five Kinds of Selves Ulric Neisser Paper Enemies was born 8 December 1928 Is In American psychologist and member of the National Academy of Sciences. He Is a faculty member at Cornell university. He was a great contributor to cognitive psychology with his first book: Cognitive Psychology. His criticism He criticized the field of cognitive psychology; he disagreed with the linear programming model of cognitive psychology, which sees the human brain like an operating computer, with its overemphasis on information processing models used to describe behavior. Moreover he argued that cognitive psychology had failed to dress everyday aspects of human behavior. He blamed the excessive dependence on artificial laboratory tasks for this failure. He felt that in cognitive psychology, there was a severe disconnection between theories of behavior shaped by laboratory experiments and real-world events, which he called ecological validity. Lastly, he criticizes the opinion that individuals are passive in the perception process. Five selves In his article he says; If we are In search of the self, we can look either Inward or outward. To look inward is to focus on private experience, on mental representations, on the self-concept. To look outward is to see the self as embedded in its environment, ecologically and socially situated in relation to other objects and persons. (Enemies, 1994) Human beings confirmation of each others selfless is seen as an aspect of life. : Human beings have different ways to know about themselves; perceiving themselves ecologically or socially, remembrance, conception, reflection and Introspective awareness are some of the spots to see the self from. Despite to the fact that each have their own origins Enemies claims that two perceptions are fundamental compared to other ones; ecological and interpersonal. Enemies, 1993) This view of him is definitely affected by his colleague and friend, James Gibson. Gibson sees the two perceptions like two sides of a coin. Gibson, 1979) Our definition of ourselves differs throughout our life; at first we Just sense the world outside, our environment and define ourselves accordingly; then we distinguish people from the non living: later being spent more time on the world and having different experiences we see ourselves in another way; after that we learn to hide some things from others, we have some thing hidden or in other word: private; and anally we conceptualize a unique self. S o Enemies defines five different selves according to the direction of the view; Ecological self The self as perceived with respect to the physical environment. (l am the one here doing that. ) The limbs and the reach of them are always considered as ecological self; for example people with artificial body parts consider them as themselves because they move according to intentions and coordinated by the shifts in the viewpoint of the person. Interpersonal sell The self that produces species specific signals of emotional relationship and communication. (l am the person engaging in this human relation. ) The ecological self is an active factor in the physical environment; the interpersonal self is an agent in a social environment. We see/perceive ourselves as the target of the other persons attention, and as an agent in the interaction. Extended self The self based on our personal memories and anticipations. (l am the one with certain experiences and certain routines. ) Private self This self appears when children notice that some of their experiences are not directly shared with other people. (l am the one who can feel that unique emotion. ) Conceptual self (self concept) The self drawing its meaning from the network of assumptions in which it is embedded. It can be based on social roles, internal identities or personal characteristics. ( Enemies, 1988). I am an intelligent American professor. The conceptual self consists of the beliefs, appropriate roles, personal attributes, and even worth and value. Parallel to self concept there exist the self-narratives, the stories we tell to ourselves in mind, while encoding experiences to memory. (Enemies Fichus, 1994). However we often tell the story to ourselves in a different way, reconstructing he life in our mind and this leads to another self; the remembered self. His views about Perception Enemies argues that humans are not passive in cognition; they are active participants using their schemata to perceive the information flowing through sensory organs. If the information is relevant it may change the schemata and alter the processing of knowledge derived from the environment. Information action schemata Enemies believes that this conception explains selective perceptions; as the individual wanders throughout the world the schemata anticipates the beneficial information and allocates the resources to perceives it.

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication - Essay Example He conducted a number of experiments in an attempt to develop various successful transplantation processes between his subjects and organs from animal. Brinkley was considered one the most persuasive and manipulative individuals in the united states during this period and he used his wit and strategies to succeed in various advertising activities and political endeavors. His ability to gather and appropriately use large amounts of data presented with a number of opportunities and this contributed towards his personal growth in the different activities he was engaged in (Kennedy, 2010). This section of the paper will analyze the various advertising strategies that Brinkley used and how these strategies enabled him to develop into a great business and political personality in the country. As a medical doctor, Brinkley opened a major clinic in Milford to enable him serve the locals who were suffering from male impotency. In this clinic, Brinkley xenotransplanted goat testicles into his patients as a means of curing importance, a practice that was viewed as rogue and out of line according to medical practice guidelines. However, Brinkley was loved and cherished by the locals who frequented his clinics in different parts of Kansas City. As a way of winning over the hearts of the locals, Brinkley adopted to employ a large number of the local residents into his clinics and accord them hefty wages. As a means of caring for his patients after the transplantation and prior to the exercise, Brinkley would personally call his patients and provide assistance from the phone call to enable them recover well. This practice made him more popular especially during the 1918 flu pandemic that affected the Arkansas locals and cost widespread deaths and devastations. At a time when advertising using the public airwaves was minimal and partly restricted, Brinkley decided to construct his own radio station, a means that he used to advertise his products. The idea of using radio airwav es as a means of advertising arose when he visited KHJ radio station in Los Angeles during one of his business and data collection trips. The decision to build a radio station presented Brinkley with a self-controlled media that enabled him to reach a large number of his target clients. He also possessed the ability and power to influence the thinking of people, an act he perfected by using his radio station to act as an opinion shaper in the country (Kennedy, 2010). The radio station created a number advertising opportunities and this allowed his business to grow and extend beyond the boundaries of Milford. The radio also provided a number of opportunities to the different businesses within the state, who would advertise their products at much cheaper prices as compared to other available means. This endeared Brinkley to the people of Milford and other parts of Arkansas and propelled his political ambitions and career. Though he lost two attempts to be the governor, Brinkley was a serious contender, coming second in the two successive elections. Despite the controversy that surrounded his professional and academic credentials, Brinkley was supported by over 30% of the voters in the two successive attempts he made (Lee, 2002). Legislative actions on media freedom The enshrinement of the first amendment into the united states constitution broaden the media space in the country and resulted into the expansion of media freedom and space. This amendment resulted into subsequent barring of the government from interfering with the processes of printing and circulating of media information and opinions in the country. The enshrinement of this amendment into the United States constitution presented the opportunity for the enactment and passage of more laws